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Questions and Answers
What percentage of species within Kingdom Animalia are invertebrates?
What percentage of species within Kingdom Animalia are invertebrates?
Which characteristic is NOT true about sponges?
Which characteristic is NOT true about sponges?
How do sponges obtain nutrients and oxygen?
How do sponges obtain nutrients and oxygen?
What is the name of the large internal cavity in sponges?
What is the name of the large internal cavity in sponges?
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Which phylum do sponges belong to?
Which phylum do sponges belong to?
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How is gas exchange conducted in sponges?
How is gas exchange conducted in sponges?
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Which statement is true concerning the body plan of sponges?
Which statement is true concerning the body plan of sponges?
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What type of reproduction do sponges utilize?
What type of reproduction do sponges utilize?
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What is the defining characteristic of Cnidaria?
What is the defining characteristic of Cnidaria?
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Which class of Cnidaria includes only sessile polyp species?
Which class of Cnidaria includes only sessile polyp species?
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How does reproduction occur in Cnidarians?
How does reproduction occur in Cnidarians?
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What type of body plan do Cnidarians exhibit?
What type of body plan do Cnidarians exhibit?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding Cnidarian physiology?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Cnidarian physiology?
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What types of cells are present in Cnidarians that aid movement?
What types of cells are present in Cnidarians that aid movement?
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Which of the following accurately describes Cnidarian tissue layers?
Which of the following accurately describes Cnidarian tissue layers?
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Where are cnidocytes primarily located in Cnidarians?
Where are cnidocytes primarily located in Cnidarians?
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Study Notes
Invertebrates
- 97% of all species within Kingdom Animalia are invertebrates
- Lack a spine and cranium
- Include unicellular and multicellular organisms
- Inhabit land, freshwater and oceans
- Divided into eight phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
Phylum Porifera – the sponges
- Lack “true” tissues, not truly diploblastic or triploblastic
- Don't create a true gastrula, no true endoderm or ectoderm
- Have specialized cells that perform "tissue-like" functions
- Larvae are flagellated and swim, settle on a substrate and grow into an adult
- Adults are not motile
- Obtain nutrients and oxygen from the water through filter-feeding
- Body is organized for efficient water movement
Poriferan morphology
- Body Plan: Asymmetrical, not protostome or deuterostome because they lack gastrulation
- General shape of a cylinder
- Large, internal cavity is called the spongocoel
- Water flows into the spongocoel through openings called ostia
- Water is expelled through a large opening at the top of the sponge: the osculum
Poriferan physiology
- Lack digestive, nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
- Food is digested intracellularly
- Gas exchange, circulation, and waste excretion occur through diffusion
- Reproduction through sexual and asexual means
Phylum Cnidaria – jellyfish, anemones
- Body Plan: Radial or biradial symmetry
- Tissues: Diploblastic, not protostome or deuterostome
- Incomplete Digestive System, food enters and waste leaves the same opening
- Nearly all are marine organisms
- Defining characteristic: a cnidocyte, or stinging cell, located on tentacles and around the mouth
- Cnidocytes contain stinging organelles called nematocysts
Cnidarian Morphology
- Two body types: Polyp and Medusa
- Polyp species are sessile
- Medusa species are motile
- Epidermis derived from ectoderm
- Gastrodermis derived from endoderm tissue
- Mesoglea: non-living tissue between them
- Have specialized, differentiated tissue cells but no true organ systems
Cnidarian Physiology
- No true nervous system, network of nerve cells throughout body
- Gastrovascular cavity has one opening, serves as both mouth and anus
- Digestion: Incomplete, begins extracellularly using enzymes, nutrients are distributed through mesoglea to epidermal cells
- Cells in gastrovascular cavity and epidermis absorb O2 and release CO2
- Nitrogenous waste diffuses out of cells into the gastrovascular or the surrounding water
4 Cnidarian Classes
- Class Anthozoa: Only sessile polyp species, includes coral, sea fans, sea anemones
- Class Scyphozoa: Medusa species, includes jellyfish
- Class Cubozoa: Medusa species, includes box jellies
- Class Hydrozoa: Sessile and medusa species, includes hydra and Portuguese man o’ war
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of invertebrates, which make up 97% of animal species. Dive deeper into Phylum Porifera, focusing on sponges, their unique morphology, and how they function in aquatic environments. Test your knowledge on these incredible organisms and their adaptations.
