Invertebrate Zoology: Trilobites and Arachnids
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the order that includes spiders, which emerged onto land 400 million years ago?

  • Scorpiones
  • Opiliones
  • Arachnida
  • Aranae (correct)

    • What is the main difference between millipedes and centipedes?

  • Habitat
  • Number of legs per segment (correct)
  • Type of venom
  • Shape of the body

    • Which group of arthropods is characterized by having two pairs of antennae?

  • Crustacea (correct)
  • Mandibulata
  • Hexapoda
  • Chelicerata

    • What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes trilobites from other extinct animals?

    <p>Their unique side-to-side partition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the substance produced from horseshoe crab blood that is used to test for endotoxins in intravenous drugs?

    <p>Limulus amebocyte lysate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why horseshoe crabs are important to medicine?

    <p>They are a source of a chemical that detects bacterial endotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of arthropods is divided into three parts from head to tail and from side to side?

    <p>Trilobites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the body plan of subphylum Chelicerata?

    <p>Two tagmata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the class that includes harvestmen, which have an abdomen and cephalothorax that are broadly joined?

    <p>Opiliones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of arthropods is characterized by having a segmented body and jointed legs?

    <p>Mandibulata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of book gills/book lungs in subphylum Chelicerata?

    <p>Breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are endotoxins ubiquitous in the environment?

    <p>Because they are produced by bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the subclass that includes barnacles, which are sessile crustaceans with a hardened cuticle?

    <p>Cirripedia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe animals that have barely changed over millions of years?

    <p>Living fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of arthropods is characterized by having a vermiform body and is the most numerous animal on the planet?

    <p>Nematodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the clade that refers to the grouping of myriapods alongside Pancrustacea?

    <p>Mandibulata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) in medicine?

    <p>To test for toxic substances in intravenous drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic that distinguishes trilobites from other arthropods?

    <p>Their jointed legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of horseshoe crabs in the production of vaccines?

    <p>They are a source of a chemical that detects bacterial endotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to test for endotoxins in intravenous drugs?

    <p>To prevent potentially life-threatening infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feature that distinguishes crustaceans from other arthropods?

    <p>Two pairs of antennae and two pairs of maxillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the swathing silk in spiders?

    <p>Wrapping prey for later consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the class Diplopoda?

    <p>Two pairs of legs per segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the grouping of myriapods alongside Pancrustacea?

    <p>Clade Mandibulata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the penis of barnacles?

    <p>It is the largest in proportion to their body size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arthropods?

    <p>Radial body symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the subclass of crustaceans that includes barnacles?

    <p>Cirripedia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of tardigrades?

    <p>Ability to survive in extreme conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the phylum to which spiders belong?

    <p>Arthropoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the grouping of crustaceans alongside insects?

    <p>Clade Pancrustacea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of trilobites that distinguishes them from other arthropods?

    <p>Three-part body division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arthropod groups is most closely related to the production of limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)?

    <p>Merostoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of book gills/book lungs in subphylum Chelicerata?

    <p>To breathe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are endotoxins a significant concern in medical applications?

    <p>They can't be removed through sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe animals that have remained relatively unchanged over millions of years?

    <p>Living fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the substance produced from horseshoe crab blood that detects bacterial endotoxins?

    <p>Limulus amebocyte lysate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of trilobites that is reflected in their name?

    <p>Side-to-side partition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are horseshoe crabs important to the production of vaccines?

    <p>They are used to test for endotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of subphylum Chelicerata?

    <p>Two-tagmata body plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are trilobites the most diverse group of extinct animals preserved in the fossil record?

    <p>They are found in abundance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the appendages in crustaceans?

    <p>They are always biramous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arthropod group has the longest history on land?

    <p>Arachnids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the silken dragline in spiders?

    <p>To connect the web to objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arthropod group has the most species?

    <p>Insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the substance produced from horseshoe crab blood?

    <p>Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arthropod group is characterized by having a vermiform body?

    <p>Nematodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the book gills/book lungs in subphylum Chelicerata?

    <p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arthropod group is characterized by having two tagmata?

    <p>Arachnids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the clade that refers to the grouping of myriapods alongside Pancrustacea?

    <p>Mandibulata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the legs of barnacles?

    <p>They are used for filter feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the class Arachnida?

    <p>Two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the dragline in spider silk?

    <p>To connect webs to objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of arthropods is characterized by having a pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae on the head?

    <p>Crustaceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the class Chilopoda?

    <p>One pair of legs per segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of arthropods is characterized by having a vermiform body and being the most numerous animal on the planet?

    <p>Nematodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cirri in barnacles?

    <p>To filter feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the class Malacostraca?

    <p>Being the only truly terrestrial crustacean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the swathing silk in spiders?

    <p>To wrap prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of arthropods is characterized by having a body divided into three tagmata?

    <p>Hexapoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the class Opiliones?

    <p>Having an abdomen and cephalothorax that are broadly joined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Arthropods

    • Arthropods are the most species animal group on the planet, divided into extant trilobites, chelicerates, and mandibulates.
    • Trilobites are the most diverse group of extinct animals preserved in the fossil record, with three parts from head to tail and side to side.

    Subphylum Chelicerata

    • Chelicerates have a two-tagmata body plan, breathe using book gills/book lungs, and are 300 million years old.
    • Arachnida, Pycnogonida, and Merostoma are part of the subphylum Chelicerata.
    • Horseshoe crabs are often called "living fossils" due to their minimal changes over millions of years.
    • Horseshoe crab blood is used to produce limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), which detects bacterial endotoxins in intravenous drugs.

    Class Arachnida

    • Arachnida have two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen, with four pairs of walking legs.
    • Spiders (order Aranae) emerged onto land 400 million years ago in the Devonian period.
    • Spiders excrete silk through spinnerets, which is used for prey wrapping, webs, and ballooning.
    • Other arachnids include scorpions, harvestmen, and mites and ticks.

    Clade Mandibulata

    • Mandibulata refers to the grouping of myriapods alongside Pancrustacea.
    • Myriapoda includes centipedes (class Chilopoda) and millipedes (class Diplopoda).
    • Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment, are dorsoventrally flattened, and are predators.
    • Millipedes have two pairs of legs per segment, have a more cylindrical body, and are often overlooked.

    Subphylum Crustacea

    • Crustacea is divided into five classes, but current molecular phylogenies do not support the monophyly of all classes.
    • Crustaceans are the only arthropods with two pairs of antennae, a pair of mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae on the head.
    • Each body segment usually has one pair of appendages, which are biramous.
    • Examples of crustaceans include barnacles (class Maxillopoda, subclass Cirripedia) and woodlice (order Isopoda).

    Sub-phylum Hexapoda

    • Hexapoda has six legs arranged in three pairs with one pair per thoracic segment, with a body divided into three tagmata.
    • Hexapoda includes insects, which were previously thought to be closely related to myriapods, but are now placed with crustaceans (Pancrustacea).

    Other Arthropods

    • Nematodes are the most numerous animals on the planet, with diverse body forms including vermiform.
    • Corset worms can survive in total absence of oxygen.
    • Tardigrades and velvet worms are members of the Panarthropoda, with extraordinary powers of survival.
    • Tardigrades are microscopic water animals with a desiccated tun, and velvet worms are covered in tubercles that give a velvety appearance.

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    Test your knowledge of trilobites, the most diverse group of extinct animals, and learn about the characteristics of arachnids, including their body plan and respiration methods. Explore the fascinating world of invertebrate zoology!

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