Invertebrate Biology Overview

Porifera (Sponges)
- Simplest organisms, porous body.
- Lack true tissues and organs.
- Filter feeders.
Cnidaria
- Includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones.
- Possess specialized cells called cnidocytes for stinging.
- Exhibit radial symmetry.
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
- Bilateral symmetry, flat body structure.
- Includes free-living and parasitic species (e.g., tapeworms).
- Lack a circulatory or respiratory system.
Nematoda (Roundworms)
- Cylindrical body, covered by a tough exoskeleton.
- Many are parasitic; some are important decomposers.
- Well-developed digestive system.
Annelida (Segmented Worms)
- Segmented body plan, with specialized segments for different functions.
- Includes earthworms and leeches.
- Closed circulatory system.
Mollusca
- Soft-bodied, often with a protective shell.
- Major classes include Gastropoda (snails), Bivalvia (clams), and Cephalopoda (octopuses).
- Advanced nervous systems in cephalopods.
Arthropoda
- Largest phylum, including insects, arachnids, crustaceans.
- Exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented bodies, jointed appendages.
- Highly diverse - adapted to numerous ecological niches.

Ecological roles: Pollinators, decomposers, and prey for other animals.
Economic significance: Source of food (e.g., shellfish) and products (e.g., silk, honey).
Biodiversity indicators: Sensitive to environmental changes, important for ecosystem health.

Modes of reproduction vary widely: asexual (budding, fission) and sexual reproduction.
Some groups exhibit complex life cycles with larval stages.

Invertebrates show incredible adaptations for survival:
- Camouflage for predator evasion.
- Bioluminescence in deep-sea species.
- Specialized feeding mechanisms (e.g., siphons in mollusks).

Habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and overfishing threaten invertebrate populations.
Conservation efforts focus on habitat protection and sustainable practices.

Invertebrates are animals without a backbone.
They represent approximately 97% of all animal species.
Inhabit diverse locations, including terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments.

Porifera (Sponges): The simplest animals, characterized by a porous body. They lack true tissues and organs and are filter feeders.
Cnidaria: Includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. They have specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes and exhibit radial symmetry.
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms): Have bilateral symmetry and a flat body structure. Some are free-living, while others are parasitic (e.g., tapeworms). They lack a circulatory or respiratory system.
Nematoda (Roundworms): Possess a cylindrical body covered by a tough exoskeleton. Many are parasitic, but some are important decomposers. They have a well-developed digestive system.
Annelida (Segmented Worms): Exhibit a segmented body plan with specialized segments for different functions. Earthworms and leeches are examples. They have a closed circulatory system.
Mollusca: Characterized by soft bodies, often with a protective shell. Major classes include gastropods (snails), bivalves (clams), and cephalopods (octopuses). Cephalopods have advanced nervous systems.
Arthropoda: The largest phylum, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. They possess an exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages. They are highly diverse and adapted to numerous ecological niches.

Play essential ecological roles:
- Pollinators
- Decomposers
- Prey for other animals
Have economic significance:
- Source of food (e.g., shellfish)
- Source of products (e.g., silk, honey)
Serve as biodiversity indicators:
- Sensitive to environmental changes
- Important for ecosystem health

Various modes of reproduction:
- Asexual reproduction (budding, fission)
- Sexual reproduction
Some groups exhibit complex life cycles with larval stages.

Invertebrates showcase incredible adaptations for survival:
- Camouflage for predator evasion
- Bioluminescence in deep-sea species
- Specialized feeding mechanisms (e.g., siphons in mollusks)

Invertebrate populations face threats from:
- Habitat loss
- Pollution
- Climate change
- Overfishing
Conservation efforts focus on:
- Habitat protection
- Sustainable practices