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Questions and Answers
What is the range of embodied energy values for Titanium in building materials?
What is the range of embodied energy values for Titanium in building materials?
361 - 745 Gj/kg
Comparing the embodied carbon values of Aluminium (Virgin) and Aluminium (Recycled), what is the percentage reduction in embodied carbon when using recycled Aluminium?
Comparing the embodied carbon values of Aluminium (Virgin) and Aluminium (Recycled), what is the percentage reduction in embodied carbon when using recycled Aluminium?
Around 85% reduction
What is the embodied energy value of Insulation (Mineral Wool), and how does it compare to other materials?
What is the embodied energy value of Insulation (Mineral Wool), and how does it compare to other materials?
16.6 Gj/kg
What is the range of embodied carbon values for Concrete with varying percentages of Fly Ash?
What is the range of embodied carbon values for Concrete with varying percentages of Fly Ash?
How do the embodied energy values of Copper (Virgin) and Copper (Recycled) compare?
How do the embodied energy values of Copper (Virgin) and Copper (Recycled) compare?
What is the embodied energy value of Timber, and how does it compare to other materials?
What is the embodied energy value of Timber, and how does it compare to other materials?
How do the embodied carbon values of Steel (Virgin) and Steel (Recycled) compare?
How do the embodied carbon values of Steel (Virgin) and Steel (Recycled) compare?
What is the estimated contribution of the cement industry to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions?
What is the estimated contribution of the cement industry to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions?
What is the embodied energy value of Sand, and how does it compare to other materials?
What is the embodied energy value of Sand, and how does it compare to other materials?
How much energy is required to produce one tonne of cement?
How much energy is required to produce one tonne of cement?
What is the primary limitation when trying to compare the embodied energy and carbon of different materials?
What is the primary limitation when trying to compare the embodied energy and carbon of different materials?
What is the approximate amount of raw materials required to produce one tonne of cement?
What is the approximate amount of raw materials required to produce one tonne of cement?
What percentage of global energy is attributed to operational energy in buildings?
What percentage of global energy is attributed to operational energy in buildings?
What percentage of the total carbon in a typical house is attributed to embodied carbon?
What percentage of the total carbon in a typical house is attributed to embodied carbon?
What is the main environmental concern associated with the production of aluminium in building materials?
What is the main environmental concern associated with the production of aluminium in building materials?
Which material has the highest embodied energy per unit mass?
Which material has the highest embodied energy per unit mass?
What is the approximate embodied energy of recycled aluminium, and how does it compare to virgin aluminium?
What is the approximate embodied energy of recycled aluminium, and how does it compare to virgin aluminium?
What is embodied energy, and what stages of the building process does it refer to?
What is embodied energy, and what stages of the building process does it refer to?
What is the approximate amount of construction materials wasted in the UK each year?
What is the approximate amount of construction materials wasted in the UK each year?
What is the embodied carbon of concrete with 30% fly ash, and how does it compare to concrete with 0% fly ash?
What is the embodied carbon of concrete with 30% fly ash, and how does it compare to concrete with 0% fly ash?
What is the primary material of focus in the text that is associated with high embodied energy and carbon emissions?
What is the primary material of focus in the text that is associated with high embodied energy and carbon emissions?
What is the approximate embodied energy of copper, and how does it compare between virgin and recycled copper?
What is the approximate embodied energy of copper, and how does it compare between virgin and recycled copper?
Which material has the lowest embodied energy per unit mass?
Which material has the lowest embodied energy per unit mass?
What is the approximate embodied carbon of steel, and how does it compare between virgin and recycled steel?
What is the approximate embodied carbon of steel, and how does it compare between virgin and recycled steel?
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Study Notes
Inventory of Carbon and Energy
- Embodied energy and carbon emissions vary greatly between materials, making direct comparisons difficult.
- The embodied energy of materials ranges from 0.01 Gj/kg for water to 745 Gj/kg for titanium.
- The embodied carbon of materials ranges from 0.001 kgCO2/kg for water to 39.6 kgCO2/kg for titanium.
Environmental Impact of Construction Materials
- Global production of concrete has increased from 40 million cubic meters in 1900 to 6.4 billion cubic meters in 1997.
- The cement industry contributes around 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
- Every tonne of cement requires 1.5 tonnes of raw materials and 4000-7500 MJ of energy for production.
Waste in the Construction Industry
- Around 13 million tonnes of construction materials are transported to site in the UK each year, only to be wasted.
- Waste from aluminium production contributes to environmental degradation.
Embodied Energy and Carbon
- Embodied energy and carbon include energy used and carbon emitted from extracting raw materials, processing, assembling, transporting, constructing, maintaining, and disposing of materials.
- Operating energy and carbon refer to energy used and carbon emitted during the building's lifetime.
Inventory of Carbon and Energy Database
- The Inventory of Carbon and Energy database provides embodied energy and carbon values for hundreds of building materials within a Cradle-to-Gate boundary.
- The database includes values for materials ranging from titanium to water, with embodied energy ranging from 361-745 Gj/kg for titanium to 0.01 Gj/kg for water.
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