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Questions and Answers
What deficiency is characterized by poor root development?
What deficiency is characterized by poor root development?
Which substance is a crucial component of chlorophyll?
Which substance is a crucial component of chlorophyll?
What condition results from potassium deficiency in plants?
What condition results from potassium deficiency in plants?
Which element is involved in the activation of certain enzymes as a cystine group?
Which element is involved in the activation of certain enzymes as a cystine group?
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What deficiency may cause red or purple leaf coloration in plants?
What deficiency may cause red or purple leaf coloration in plants?
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Which mineral influences cell membrane permeability and transport of carbohydrates?
Which mineral influences cell membrane permeability and transport of carbohydrates?
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Which mineral is essential for the activity of porphyrin enzymes during respiration?
Which mineral is essential for the activity of porphyrin enzymes during respiration?
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Deficiency of which element leads to chlorosis and poor root growth?
Deficiency of which element leads to chlorosis and poor root growth?
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What term describes the female gamete that is larger and non-motile?
What term describes the female gamete that is larger and non-motile?
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What is the result of fertilization between heterogametes?
What is the result of fertilization between heterogametes?
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Which of the following organisms typically produces both male and female gametes in a single individual?
Which of the following organisms typically produces both male and female gametes in a single individual?
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What is the primary role of meiosis in gamete formation?
What is the primary role of meiosis in gamete formation?
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Which phase involves the arrangement of homologous pairs on the equatorial plate?
Which phase involves the arrangement of homologous pairs on the equatorial plate?
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Which process ensures genetic variation during gamete formation?
Which process ensures genetic variation during gamete formation?
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In which meiotic division does sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles?
In which meiotic division does sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles?
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What is formed as a result of mixing two different strains of Escherichia coli with varying deficiencies?
What is formed as a result of mixing two different strains of Escherichia coli with varying deficiencies?
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Which bacteria is responsible for converting ammonia into nitrites during protein decay?
Which bacteria is responsible for converting ammonia into nitrites during protein decay?
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What is produced as a byproduct during photosynthesis when water molecules are split?
What is produced as a byproduct during photosynthesis when water molecules are split?
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In photosynthesis, how is the energy stored in chlorophyll utilized?
In photosynthesis, how is the energy stored in chlorophyll utilized?
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What is the first carbohydrate formed during photosynthesis?
What is the first carbohydrate formed during photosynthesis?
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What role do the light reactions play in photosynthesis?
What role do the light reactions play in photosynthesis?
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What is the overall equation representing photosynthesis?
What is the overall equation representing photosynthesis?
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Which physiological effect is NOT associated with auxins?
Which physiological effect is NOT associated with auxins?
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Which component of chloroplasts absorbs light energy during the light reactions?
Which component of chloroplasts absorbs light energy during the light reactions?
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What is the primary role of synthetic amylase in the beer industry?
What is the primary role of synthetic amylase in the beer industry?
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Which of the following substances is a type of natural auxin?
Which of the following substances is a type of natural auxin?
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In which phase does carbon dioxide fixation occur during photosynthesis?
In which phase does carbon dioxide fixation occur during photosynthesis?
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Which of the following is a physiological effect of gibberellins?
Which of the following is a physiological effect of gibberellins?
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Which type of plant hormone is primarily responsible for promoting cell division and growth?
Which type of plant hormone is primarily responsible for promoting cell division and growth?
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What is one of the main roles of auxins in plant growth?
What is one of the main roles of auxins in plant growth?
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Which statement about synthetic auxins is true?
Which statement about synthetic auxins is true?
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Which of the following auxin effects facilitates fruit maturity?
Which of the following auxin effects facilitates fruit maturity?
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Which cytokinin is derived from maize?
Which cytokinin is derived from maize?
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What effect does abscisic acid (ABA) have on plants?
What effect does abscisic acid (ABA) have on plants?
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Which of the following is a physiological effect of ethylene?
Which of the following is a physiological effect of ethylene?
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What is one of the economic uses of gibberellins in agriculture?
What is one of the economic uses of gibberellins in agriculture?
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Cytokinins are synthesized in which part of the plant?
Cytokinins are synthesized in which part of the plant?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting fruit ripening?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting fruit ripening?
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How does abscisic acid function in plants?
How does abscisic acid function in plants?
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In what way do synthetic auxins benefit agriculture?
In what way do synthetic auxins benefit agriculture?
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What is the primary function of the electrons being passed down the cytochrome chain in photosystem I?
What is the primary function of the electrons being passed down the cytochrome chain in photosystem I?
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What process is described when re-energized electrons are passed from the electron acceptor back to the cytochrome chain?
What process is described when re-energized electrons are passed from the electron acceptor back to the cytochrome chain?
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During the dark phase of photosynthesis, what is the initial stable product formed from the split of the unstable 6C complex?
During the dark phase of photosynthesis, what is the initial stable product formed from the split of the unstable 6C complex?
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Which of the following compounds is used to reform ribulose phosphate in the dark reaction?
Which of the following compounds is used to reform ribulose phosphate in the dark reaction?
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What type of organic substances are synthesized alongside sugars during photosynthesis?
What type of organic substances are synthesized alongside sugars during photosynthesis?
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What is the primary energy carrier produced during the light phase of photosynthesis?
What is the primary energy carrier produced during the light phase of photosynthesis?
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Which enzyme is responsible for activating ribulose-P in the dark reactions?
Which enzyme is responsible for activating ribulose-P in the dark reactions?
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In the synthesis of amino acids, what role does photosynthesis play in the green leaves?
In the synthesis of amino acids, what role does photosynthesis play in the green leaves?
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Study Notes
Introductory Physiology
- Living organisms are characterized by performing specific life processes distinguishing them from non-living things.
- A living organism can perform all life processes at some point in its life cycle.
Movement
- Movement is a whole-body or internal/external process in plants and animals.
- Transporting materials within an organism over short or long distances.
Irritability
- This is a process of responding to changes in the environment.
- Also called sensitivity or responsiveness.
Feeding/Nutrition
- Intake of simple raw materials and energy.
- Plants synthesize food, animals consume food.
- Food is used for construction and maintaining life.
Respiration
- The process of releasing energy from food.
- Involves oxidation of food.
Excretion
- Removal of waste products from chemical reactions.
Growth
- Increase in the size of an organism.
- Driven by the synthesis of new structural materials using energy and raw materials from outside the organism.
Reproduction
- Process of continuing a species.
- Passing on traits to offspring.
Homeostasis
- Maintaining a steady state in an organism.
- This happens in spite of changes in the environment.
- Regulates physiological systems separately and together.
Plant Nutrition
- Essential elements (macro and micro nutrients) for plants are ten: nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, and molybdenum.
- Plants obtain substances from the soil or atmosphere.
- Carbon: absorbed as CO2
- Hydrogen: absorbed as water (H2O)
- Nitrogen: absorbed as Nitrate ions (NO3−) or Ammonium ions (NH4+) from soil solution or other forms
- Phosphorus: absorbed as phosphate ions (PO43−)
- Sulfur: absorbed as sulfate ions (SO42−)
- Potassium: absorbed as potassium ions (K+)
Functions of Elements
- Carbon: structural material in carbohydrates, proteins and fats, respiratory substrates.
- Hydrogen: structural material, part of respiratory substrates; plays role in oxidation-reduction reactions.
- Oxygen: important in all organic compounds, key in gaseous form for aerobic respiration.
- Nitrogen: crucial for amino acid and protein synthesis.
- Phosphorus: found in nucleotide, nucleoproteins; important in cell division, carbohydrate breakdown.
- Sulphur: constituent of some amino acids (e.g., cysteine, cystine, and methionine); forms part of some enzymes.
Uptake of Nutrients
- Water and soluble inorganic salts are taken up passively by root hairs.
- Absorption of salts and water is independent of each other.
Photosynthesis
- Manufacture of simple carbohydrates (e.g., sugars) in plant leaves.
- Uses chlorophyll in chloroplasts using light energy
- Uses carbon dioxide and water
- Releases oxygen as a by-product
Essentials of Light Reaction
- Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, becomes energized.
- Water molecules broken, providing energy for electrons.
- Electrons passed through photosystems, produces ATP and NADPH.
Essentials of Dark Reaction
- Fixation of carbon dioxide and reduction of the 3C compound into 6C sugars (C6H12O6).
- Riboluse-di-P is activated by ATP.
- The final product is 6C sugars (C6H12O6)
Other Organic Substances Synthesized
- Amino acids, fats, oils, and proteins
- Formed in leaves and roots and affected by light
- Amino acids are formed via transamination using compounds with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Respiration (diagram)
- Liberation of energy from simple carbohydrates like glucose.
- Series of enzyme-dependent reactions.
- May be aerobic or anaerobic.
Phase 1 (Anaerobic/Glycolytic phase)
- Takes place in the absence of oxygen
- Glucose converted to pyruvic acid
- 2 ATP generated
Phase II (Aerobic phase)
- Requires oxygen
- Pyruvic acid oxidized, forming CO2 and H2O.
- 36 ATP generated
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- Methods of asexual reproduction in cells.
- Fission
- Budding
- Sporulation
- Fragmentation
- Role of chromosomes, and stages of cell division in mitosis.
GAMETOGENESIS/GAMETE FORMATION
- Formation of sperm and eggs
- Role of meiosis to reduce chromosome number
- Male and female reproductive function in animal and plant reproduction
- Role of meiosis on reducing chromosome number
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- Increases in the size of organisms
- Factors that drive cell division and growth
Patterns of growth in living organisms
- Sigmoid curve. Indicates growth rate, whether fast or slow.
- Growth rate and period dependent on life cycle.
PLANT HORMONES
- Group 1: Growth promoters
- Auxins
- Gibberellins
- Cytokinins
- Group 2: Growth inhibitors
- Abscisic acid
- Ethylene
- Roles of plant hormones in growth, development, and other plant-related processes.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- Chemical coordination in humans
- Hormones released by different glands.
- Roles of specific hormones and glands
- Thyroid gland
- Pituitary gland
- Adrenal gland
- Gonads
- Feedback control ensures homeostasis.
- Disorders due to hormone malfunctions
THE SKIN
- Conversion of dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D.
- Skin's role in calcium regulation.
STOMACH AND DUODENUM
- Gastrin hormone stimulates HCL production
- Stimulates secretion of pancreatic digestive juice and bile
ELIMINATION OF WASTE MATERIALS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
- Ways that plants and animals excrete unwanted materials.
CHEMICAL ESTIMATION
- Measurements applied to analyze enzyme activity
- Measurement Techniques discussed
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental processes of life in living organisms. This quiz covers topics such as movement, irritability, nutrition, respiration, excretion, and growth, highlighting how each process contributes to the functioning of life. Perfect for students beginning their journey into physiology.
