Introductory Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What deficiency is characterized by poor root development?

  • Sodium
  • Calcium
  • Potassium
  • Sulphur (correct)

Which substance is a crucial component of chlorophyll?

  • Iron
  • Magnesium (correct)
  • Calcium
  • Potassium

What condition results from potassium deficiency in plants?

  • Weak plants and under-sized seeds (correct)
  • Poor root growth
  • Chlorosis
  • Stunted growth only

Which element is involved in the activation of certain enzymes as a cystine group?

<p>Sulphur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What deficiency may cause red or purple leaf coloration in plants?

<p>Potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral influences cell membrane permeability and transport of carbohydrates?

<p>Calcium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is essential for the activity of porphyrin enzymes during respiration?

<p>Iron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deficiency of which element leads to chlorosis and poor root growth?

<p>Magnesium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the female gamete that is larger and non-motile?

<p>Heterogamete (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of fertilization between heterogametes?

<p>Zygote (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms typically produces both male and female gametes in a single individual?

<p>Hydra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of meiosis in gamete formation?

<p>To reduce chromosome number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase involves the arrangement of homologous pairs on the equatorial plate?

<p>Metaphase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process ensures genetic variation during gamete formation?

<p>Meiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which meiotic division does sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles?

<p>2nd Meiotic Division, Anaphase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed as a result of mixing two different strains of Escherichia coli with varying deficiencies?

<p>Colony formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is responsible for converting ammonia into nitrites during protein decay?

<p>Nitrisomonas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a byproduct during photosynthesis when water molecules are split?

<p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In photosynthesis, how is the energy stored in chlorophyll utilized?

<p>To split water molecules and produce energized electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first carbohydrate formed during photosynthesis?

<p>Glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the light reactions play in photosynthesis?

<p>They generate ATP and reducing agents using light energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall equation representing photosynthesis?

<p>6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological effect is NOT associated with auxins?

<p>Promotion of cambial activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of chloroplasts absorbs light energy during the light reactions?

<p>Chlorophyll pigment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of synthetic amylase in the beer industry?

<p>To break down starch into maltose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is a type of natural auxin?

<p>Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase does carbon dioxide fixation occur during photosynthesis?

<p>Dark phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a physiological effect of gibberellins?

<p>Induction of flowering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant hormone is primarily responsible for promoting cell division and growth?

<p>Cytokinins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of auxins in plant growth?

<p>Promote root development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about synthetic auxins is true?

<p>They include compounds like 2,4-D. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following auxin effects facilitates fruit maturity?

<p>Maturation of fruits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokinin is derived from maize?

<p>Ribosylzeatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does abscisic acid (ABA) have on plants?

<p>Promotion of dormancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a physiological effect of ethylene?

<p>Promotion of enzyme synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the economic uses of gibberellins in agriculture?

<p>Control of dwarfism in plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokinins are synthesized in which part of the plant?

<p>Roots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting fruit ripening?

<p>Ethylene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does abscisic acid function in plants?

<p>As a growth inhibitor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do synthetic auxins benefit agriculture?

<p>Promoting herbicide effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electrons being passed down the cytochrome chain in photosystem I?

<p>To reduce NADP to NADPH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is described when re-energized electrons are passed from the electron acceptor back to the cytochrome chain?

<p>Cyclic photophosphorylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the dark phase of photosynthesis, what is the initial stable product formed from the split of the unstable 6C complex?

<p>Phosphoglyceric acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is used to reform ribulose phosphate in the dark reaction?

<p>Phosphoglyceric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organic substances are synthesized alongside sugars during photosynthesis?

<p>Amino acids, proteins, fats, and oils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy carrier produced during the light phase of photosynthesis?

<p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for activating ribulose-P in the dark reactions?

<p>Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the synthesis of amino acids, what role does photosynthesis play in the green leaves?

<p>Supplies essential carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Sulphur

A vital component affecting plant growth and development, including chlorophyll production, enzyme activation, and cell structure.

Potassium

Crucial for meristematic tissues, photosynthesis, and protein synthesis, as well as vital for maintaining electro-osmotic transport in plants.

Magnesium

A critical component of the chlorophyll molecule, essential for photosynthesis, and plays a role in carbohydrate and protein synthesis.

Calcium

Strengthening cell walls and membranes, it impacts permeability and influences the movement of nutrients.

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Iron

Crucial for respiration and chlorophyll formation, it acts as a catalyst in redox reactions.

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Deficiency of Sulphur

The absence of this nutrient leads to poor root development, stunted growth, and reduced plant vigor.

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Deficiency of Potassium

Weak plants, undersized seeds, and a distinctive reddish or purplish leaf coloration are hallmark symptoms.

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Deficiency of Magnesium

Characterized by chlorosis (yellowing) of leaves, indicating disrupted chlorophyll production.

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Nitrisomonas

A group of bacteria that convert ammonia (NH3) into nitrites (HNO2) during the protein decay process in soil.

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Nitrobacter

Another group of bacteria that further convert nitrites (HNO2) into nitrates (HNO3) during the protein decay process in soil.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce their own food (sugars) and release oxygen.

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Light Phase (Hill Reaction)

The stage of photosynthesis that requires light energy. It involves splitting water molecules, releasing oxygen, and producing energized electrons.

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Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy during photosynthesis.

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Photophosphorylation

The energized electrons produced during the light phase are used to convert ADP (adenosine diphosphate) into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a form of energy used by cells.

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Dark Phase (Carbon Dioxide Fixation)

The stage of photosynthesis that doesn't require light. It involves using the energized electrons from the light phase to fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds.

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Carbon Dioxide Fixation

The conversion of inorganic carbon dioxide into organic compounds such as sugars during the dark phase of photosynthesis.

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Cyclic Photophosphorylation

A process in photosynthesis where energized electrons from photosystem I are transported back to the cytochrome chain, resulting in the production of ATP.

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NADPH

A molecule formed by the reduction of NADP+ using energized electrons from photosystem I.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, happening in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).

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Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

The series of reactions in photosynthesis that happen in the stroma of chloroplasts, using ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, a sugar.

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Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP)

A five-carbon sugar molecule that plays a crucial role in carbon fixation during the Calvin Cycle by accepting carbon dioxide.

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Carbon Fixation

The process of incorporating carbon dioxide into organic molecules, primarily sugars, during the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis.

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Cellular Respiration

The complete set of biochemical reactions involved in breaking down glucose to generate energy (ATP) in the form of chemical bonds, with carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

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Growth promoters

These plant hormones promote growth and development. Examples include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene.

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Growth inhibitors

These plant hormones inhibit growth and development. Examples include abscisic acid, phenolics like caffeine, glycosides, alkaloids, and actinomycin D.

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Auxins

Auxins are plant hormones that regulate cell elongation, root growth, and other processes. They are divided into natural and synthetic auxins.

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Natural Auxins

Natural auxins are produced by plants, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).

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Synthetic Auxins

Synthetic auxins are made in the lab, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

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Gibberellins

Gibberellins are plant hormones that promote cell elongation, seed germination, and other processes. They are numbered as GA1 to GA34 and have specific chemical formulas.

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Cytokinins

Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division and delay senescence (aging). They are often found in coconut milk.

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What are plant hormones?

Hormones that regulate various aspects of plant growth and development, including cell elongation, fruit ripening, and leaf senescence.

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Fertilization

The union of a male and female gamete, resulting in a fertilized egg (zygote), which possesses the genetic material from both parents.

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Gamete

A specialized cell capable of fusing with another gamete to form a zygote. In animals, these cells are typically produced by meiosis in the gonads.

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Diploid

Containing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Most somatic (body) cells are diploid.

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Haploid

Containing only one set of chromosomes. Gametes are haploid.

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Meiosis

The process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half, producing four haploid gametes from a diploid parent cell.

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Synapsis and Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

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Mitosis

The process by which a cell duplicates its DNA and divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is used for growth and repair.

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Hermaphrodite

An individual that produces both male and female gametes. They can self-fertilize or reproduce with another hermaphrodite.

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Auxin (IAA)

Growth regulator found in root tips, buds, and young leaves, promoting cell division, stem elongation, and root formation.

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Ethylene (C2H4)

Gaseous plant hormone involved in fruit ripening, leaf senescence, and promoting ethylene synthesis.

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Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Growth inhibitor produced in leaves and roots, promotes bud and seed dormancy, and is involved in leaf abscission.

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Hormone in Humans (Endocrine System)

Plant hormone involved in the coordination of communication and control of body functions through the transport of chemical substances through blood.

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Neurons

Specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses in the body, part of the nervous system involved in rapid communication.

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Hormone (General)

A chemical substance produced by a gland and released into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions.

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Study Notes

Introductory Physiology

  • Living organisms are characterized by performing specific life processes distinguishing them from non-living things.
  • A living organism can perform all life processes at some point in its life cycle.

Movement

  • Movement is a whole-body or internal/external process in plants and animals.
  • Transporting materials within an organism over short or long distances.

Irritability

  • This is a process of responding to changes in the environment.
  • Also called sensitivity or responsiveness.

Feeding/Nutrition

  • Intake of simple raw materials and energy.
  • Plants synthesize food, animals consume food.
  • Food is used for construction and maintaining life.

Respiration

  • The process of releasing energy from food.
  • Involves oxidation of food.

Excretion

  • Removal of waste products from chemical reactions.

Growth

  • Increase in the size of an organism.
  • Driven by the synthesis of new structural materials using energy and raw materials from outside the organism.

Reproduction

  • Process of continuing a species.
  • Passing on traits to offspring.

Homeostasis

  • Maintaining a steady state in an organism.
  • This happens in spite of changes in the environment.
  • Regulates physiological systems separately and together.

Plant Nutrition

  • Essential elements (macro and micro nutrients) for plants are ten: nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, and molybdenum.
  • Plants obtain substances from the soil or atmosphere.
    • Carbon: absorbed as CO2
    • Hydrogen: absorbed as water (H2O)
    • Nitrogen: absorbed as Nitrate ions (NO3−) or Ammonium ions (NH4+) from soil solution or other forms
    • Phosphorus: absorbed as phosphate ions (PO43−)
    • Sulfur: absorbed as sulfate ions (SO42−)
    • Potassium: absorbed as potassium ions (K+)

Functions of Elements

  • Carbon: structural material in carbohydrates, proteins and fats, respiratory substrates.
  • Hydrogen: structural material, part of respiratory substrates; plays role in oxidation-reduction reactions.
  • Oxygen: important in all organic compounds, key in gaseous form for aerobic respiration.
  • Nitrogen: crucial for amino acid and protein synthesis.
  • Phosphorus: found in nucleotide, nucleoproteins; important in cell division, carbohydrate breakdown.
  • Sulphur: constituent of some amino acids (e.g., cysteine, cystine, and methionine); forms part of some enzymes.

Uptake of Nutrients

  • Water and soluble inorganic salts are taken up passively by root hairs.
  • Absorption of salts and water is independent of each other.

Photosynthesis

  • Manufacture of simple carbohydrates (e.g., sugars) in plant leaves.
  • Uses chlorophyll in chloroplasts using light energy
  • Uses carbon dioxide and water
  • Releases oxygen as a by-product

Essentials of Light Reaction

  • Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, becomes energized.
  • Water molecules broken, providing energy for electrons.
  • Electrons passed through photosystems, produces ATP and NADPH.

Essentials of Dark Reaction

  • Fixation of carbon dioxide and reduction of the 3C compound into 6C sugars (C6H12O6).
  • Riboluse-di-P is activated by ATP.
  • The final product is 6C sugars (C6H12O6)

Other Organic Substances Synthesized

  • Amino acids, fats, oils, and proteins
  • Formed in leaves and roots and affected by light
  • Amino acids are formed via transamination using compounds with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Respiration (diagram)

  • Liberation of energy from simple carbohydrates like glucose.
  • Series of enzyme-dependent reactions.
  • May be aerobic or anaerobic.

Phase 1 (Anaerobic/Glycolytic phase)

  • Takes place in the absence of oxygen
  • Glucose converted to pyruvic acid
  • 2 ATP generated

Phase II (Aerobic phase)

  • Requires oxygen
  • Pyruvic acid oxidized, forming CO2 and H2O.
  • 36 ATP generated

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  • Methods of asexual reproduction in cells.
    • Fission
    • Budding
    • Sporulation
    • Fragmentation
  • Role of chromosomes, and stages of cell division in mitosis.

GAMETOGENESIS/GAMETE FORMATION

  • Formation of sperm and eggs
  • Role of meiosis to reduce chromosome number
  • Male and female reproductive function in animal and plant reproduction
    • Role of meiosis on reducing chromosome number

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

  • Increases in the size of organisms
  • Factors that drive cell division and growth

Patterns of growth in living organisms

  • Sigmoid curve. Indicates growth rate, whether fast or slow.
  • Growth rate and period dependent on life cycle.

PLANT HORMONES

  • Group 1: Growth promoters
    • Auxins
    • Gibberellins
    • Cytokinins
  • Group 2: Growth inhibitors
    • Abscisic acid
    • Ethylene
  • Roles of plant hormones in growth, development, and other plant-related processes.

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  • Chemical coordination in humans
  • Hormones released by different glands.
  • Roles of specific hormones and glands
    • Thyroid gland
    • Pituitary gland
    • Adrenal gland
    • Gonads
  • Feedback control ensures homeostasis.
  • Disorders due to hormone malfunctions

THE SKIN

  • Conversion of dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D.
  • Skin's role in calcium regulation.

STOMACH AND DUODENUM

  • Gastrin hormone stimulates HCL production
  • Stimulates secretion of pancreatic digestive juice and bile

ELIMINATION OF WASTE MATERIALS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

  • Ways that plants and animals excrete unwanted materials.

CHEMICAL ESTIMATION

  • Measurements applied to analyze enzyme activity
  • Measurement Techniques discussed

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