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What does HCog represent in the context of the provided content?
What does HCog represent in the context of the provided content?
What is the formula indicating about dkal iuity amoubt?
What is the formula indicating about dkal iuity amoubt?
In chemical equilibrium, what does the term 'Mg' likely refer to?
In chemical equilibrium, what does the term 'Mg' likely refer to?
What can be inferred about the 'calcate' in the content?
What can be inferred about the 'calcate' in the content?
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What is the likely significance of 'dkaliuity cnoustt' in a chemical context?
What is the likely significance of 'dkaliuity cnoustt' in a chemical context?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Water Technology
- Water is essential for life on Earth
- Water is a solvent and medium for biological reactions
- Ancient civilizations developed near rivers
- Earth's surface is 71% water
Natural Sources of Water
- Surface water: Rainwater, rivers, seas and lakes
- Groundwater: Underground water sources
- Springs
- Wells
- Aquifers
Impurities in Water
- Suspended impurities: Clay, iron hydroxides and organic material, can be seen
- Colloidal impurities: Size between 10 and 1000 Angstroms and are distributed evenly.
- Dissolved impurities: Gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen dissolved in water, dissolved inorganic materials
- Biological impurities: Algae, fungi, and small aquatic animals
Hardness of Water
- Hardness is the characteristic that prevents the formation of lather with soap
- Water containing calcium and magnesium is hard
- Temporary hardness: Caused by carbonate salts of calcium and magnesium and can be removed by boiling
- Permanent hardness: Caused by sulphate and chloride salts of calcium and magnesium and cannot be removed by boiling
Methods for Determining Hardness
- EDTA method: Commonly used, accurate, and efficient
- Soap titration method: Less accurate
- Other methods: O' Hehner's method
Effects of Hard Water in Boilers
- Premature failure
- Scale formation
- Sludge formation
- Priming and foaming
Softening of Water
- Zeolite process: Cation exchange, removing hardness causing cations
- Lime-soda process: Removing calcium and magnesium
- Ion exchange process: Removing all ions
Purification of Water
- Reverse osmosis
- Electrodialysis
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of water technology, including the importance of water, natural sources, impurities, and hardness. Discover the characteristics of water that make it essential for life and various biological reactions. Test your knowledge on this vital resource and its properties.
