Podcast
Questions and Answers
What do protists, archaea, and bacteria make up together?
What do protists, archaea, and bacteria make up together?
- Only unicellular organisms
- All living things on Earth
- A small percentage of living things on Earth
- Most of the living things on Earth (correct)
What is a common ancestor?
What is a common ancestor?
- A single ancestor that all living things come from (correct)
- A type of eukaryote
- A type of archaea
- A type of prokaryote
What is the main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
What is the main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
- The number of cells they have
- The type of environment they live in
- The type of food they eat
- The presence or absence of a nucleus (correct)
What does the name 'archaea' suggest?
What does the name 'archaea' suggest?
What type of environment did archaea likely live in when they first appeared on Earth?
What type of environment did archaea likely live in when they first appeared on Earth?
What is a characteristic of thermophiles?
What is a characteristic of thermophiles?
What do methanogens produce?
What do methanogens produce?
Why are archaea considered extremophiles?
Why are archaea considered extremophiles?
What is the main difference between a nucleoid and a nucleus?
What is the main difference between a nucleoid and a nucleus?
What is the shape of bacterial chromosomes?
What is the shape of bacterial chromosomes?
What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?
What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?
What is the purpose of inclusion bodies in bacteria?
What is the purpose of inclusion bodies in bacteria?
Why do bacteria need to store nutrients in inclusion bodies?
Why do bacteria need to store nutrients in inclusion bodies?
What is the purpose of chemotaxis in bacteria?
What is the purpose of chemotaxis in bacteria?
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What is the function of flagella in bacteria?
What is the function of flagella in bacteria?
What is a characteristic that distinguishes archaea from bacteria and protists?
What is a characteristic that distinguishes archaea from bacteria and protists?
What is the term used to describe protists that are related to plants?
What is the term used to describe protists that are related to plants?
What is the primary environment in which protists are found?
What is the primary environment in which protists are found?
What is the term used to describe the movement of bacteria towards or away from chemicals?
What is the term used to describe the movement of bacteria towards or away from chemicals?
What is the outermost structure of a bacterium that can be washed off?
What is the outermost structure of a bacterium that can be washed off?
What is the protein that makes up the prokaryotic flagella?
What is the protein that makes up the prokaryotic flagella?
What are the small, yellow projections found on the surface of some bacteria?
What are the small, yellow projections found on the surface of some bacteria?
Where can bacteria be found?
Where can bacteria be found?
What is the term used to describe the structure that surrounds the cell wall of a bacterium?
What is the term used to describe the structure that surrounds the cell wall of a bacterium?
What is the primary function of flagella in bacteria?
What is the primary function of flagella in bacteria?
Study Notes
Unicellular Organisms
- Unicellular organisms, including protists, archaea, and bacteria, make up most of the living things on Earth.
- All living things come from a common ancestor.
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- The main evolutionary difference is between the kingdoms of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus, whereas prokaryotes do not (meaning they came before the nucleus).
Archaea
- Archaea are the oldest organisms, and their name sounds like "archaic", meaning really old.
- They were the first to appear on Earth and are used to extreme environments, such as high temperatures, weird weather conditions, and little oxygen.
- They are extremophiles, meaning they like extreme environments.
- There are three types of archaea:
- Thermophiles (like extreme temperatures)
- Halophiles (like extremely salty environments)
- Methanogens (make methane gas)
- Archaea have different cell walls and cell membranes than bacteria or protists.
Protista
- Protista is a "grab bag" for unicellular organisms, including some multicellular ones.
- Protists are eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals.
- They mostly live in moist or aquatic environments.
- Protists can be categorized into:
- Photosynthesizing protists (related to plants, called Algae)
- Non-photosynthesizing protists (related to fungi and animals, with subgroups like Protozoa, including amoebas, and fungal-like, including slime molds)
- Protists have evolved unique ways of getting nutrients, such as photosynthesis, and unique movement structures, like cilia, flagella, and amoeba-like movements.
Bacteria
- Bacteria can be found in diverse environments, including all around us and inside of us.
- Because of this, they can both help and hurt us.
- Bacteria have a general structure, including:
- Capsule (or slime layer)
- Cell wall
- Plasma membrane
- Prokaryotic flagella (made of protein flagellin, used for movement and chemotaxis)
- Fimbriae (or pili, small yellow projections)
- Inside the cell, bacteria have:
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
- No nucleus, but a nucleoid area for the chromosome
- Chromosome is not membrane-bound and is circular, double-stranded DNA
- Some bacteria have plasmids (extra pieces of DNA)
- Inclusion bodies (store nutrients for the bacteria)
- Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles, so they need to get their nutrients straight from the environment and store them in inclusion bodies.
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Description
Learn about the different types of unicellular organisms, including protists, archaea, and bacteria, and their evolutionary differences.
