Introduction to Toxicology Lecture by Dr. Stuart Knight

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Which drug typically undergoes zero-order kinetics at higher doses?

Phenytoin (correct)

Alcohol

Acetaminophen

Rifampin

What is the calculation method for determining the therapeutic index?

Divide the minimum effective dose by the maximum effective dose

Divide 50% of the lethal dose by 50% of the minimum effective dose (correct)

Add the lethal dose to the minimum effective dose

Multiply the minimum effective dose by the maximum tolerated dose

What term describes the idea of a U or J shaped dose response curve?

Negative Hormesis

Therapeutic Index

Positive Hormesis (correct)

Absorption Rate

What is one of the effects of limited solubility in the GI tract in toxicokinetics?

Decreased drug absorption Signup and view all the answers

What factor can lead to a change in the amount of drug absorbed due to saturation in toxicokinetics?

Saturation of active transporters Signup and view all the answers

In terms of absorption, what does most drugs being absorbed passively mean?

Absorption rate is not influenced by the quantity administered Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the phrase 'mad as a hatter'?

It was a common expression in the 18th century due to mercury exposure among felters. Signup and view all the answers

What is bioconcentration in toxicology?

The ability of an organism to accumulate chemicals from its surroundings, like water. Signup and view all the answers

From where does toxicological data primarily originate?

Original research, including in-silico modeling and experiments. Signup and view all the answers

Why is animal research still conducted despite improvements in other techniques?

To appreciate the sacrifice of animals for scientific understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes reversible toxic interactions from irreversible ones?

Reversible interactions tend not to cause permanent damage but may take time for complete recovery. Signup and view all the answers

What type of animals are commonly used in toxicology testing for embryology and developmental studies?

Zebrafish Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of clinical toxicology compared to basic toxicology?

Clinical toxicology focuses on the treatment and management of poisoning and overdose, while basic toxicology focuses on the underlying mechanisms of toxicity. Signup and view all the answers

How does hormesis differ from the typical dose-response relationship observed in toxicology?

Hormesis describes a situation where the dose-response curve has an inverted U-shape, with low and high doses having a harmful effect and moderate doses having a beneficial effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between bioaccumulation and bioconcentration?

Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of a substance in an organism from all sources, while bioconcentration refers to the accumulation of a substance in an organism from the environment alone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a toxidrome, and how can it be applied to a patient case?

A toxidrome is a set of symptoms and signs that are characteristic of a specific type of poisoning, and can be used to diagnose the type of toxin exposure in a patient. Signup and view all the answers

How do toxicokinetics differ from pharmacokinetics?

Toxicokinetics focuses on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of toxins and poisons, while pharmacokinetics focuses on the same processes for therapeutic drugs. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to know how far along a patient is in their pregnancy when receiving drug therapy?

All of the above are important reasons why it is crucial to know the stage of pregnancy when a patient is receiving drug therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of teratogenicity due to a deficiency?

Folic acid supplementation Signup and view all the answers

How does folic acid deficiency lead to teratogenic effects?

By causing neural tube defects Signup and view all the answers

What unique factor should be considered regarding pediatric patients' response to toxicity?

Higher susceptibility in premature infants Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is more active in children and results in lower metabolism of toxic substances like APAP?

Sulfation and conjugation pathways Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider differences in CYP2E1 activity between neonates and adults?

To understand differential metabolism of toxic substances Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances can cause teratogenic effects in neonates and pediatric patients?

Consumer products Signup and view all the answers

Based on the symptoms of feeling warm, red and dry skin, dilated eyes, and rapid heart rate, which medication did MC most likely ingest?

Benadryl (diphenhydramine) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of diphenhydramine (Benadryl) overdose?

Seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the recommended initial treatment for diphenhydramine (Benadryl) overdose?

Activated charcoal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with diphenhydramine (Benadryl) overdose?

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the recommended treatment for severe diphenhydramine (Benadryl) toxicity with agitation or seizures?

Physostigmine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of physostigmine, the recommended treatment for severe diphenhydramine (Benadryl) toxicity?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers