Introduction to Tourism

Introduction to Tourism

• Tourism is a significant economic booster, driving development in many countries
• Holidays are viewed as necessities rather than luxuries
• Tourism requires coordination and cooperation among travel agents, tour operators, and tourists
• Destinations, attractions, sites, accommodation, and ancillary services are key elements
• Tourism involves people traveling and staying outside their home environment for leisure, business, or other purposes
• Tourism is a temporary movement of people to destinations outside their usual places of work and residence
• Tourism has evolved from traditional forms to sustainable tourism with well-planned tours, studied destinations and conservation

Factors that Motivate Travel

• Leisure or holidays
• Visiting friends and relatives
• Attending business and professional engagements
• Seeking health treatment
• Undertaking religious pilgrimages
• Personal motives

Traditional Tourism

• Tours are decided and planned in advance
• Tour operators suggest famous places with less destination study
• It generally takes the form of social activity with large groups

Niche Tourism

• Tours are decided and planned spontaneously
• It includes local language preparation and detailed study of local culture and norms
• It is often personal, involving family or friends with small groups

Tourism Management

• It involves managing activities like studying destinations, planning tours, arranging travel, and providing accommodation
• it entails marketing to attract tourists
• Travel is movement between residence/work and another place
• Tourism involves travelling with a purpose, where tourism is a subset of travel
• Both travel and tourism involve temporary movements

Types of Tourism

• Mass tourism involves organized groups visiting special locations and tourists seeking souvenirs
• Examples include religious sites, theme parks, boat cruises, and resort towns
• Alternative tourism involves individual travels seeking firsthand local information and cultural experiences
• An example could be a biking tour planned independently with accommodation arranged on the go
• Business tourism involves travelling to attend business meetings, workshops, or conferences done mainly for professional reasons
• Pleasure tourism focuses on physical or spiritual well-being, such as vacations at yoga or rehabilitation centers
• Nature tourism focuses on experiencing serene natural beauty with ecotourism as its subset
• Cultural tourism seeks to understand local history, cuisine, and culture.
• Social tourism includes tours among family and friends
• Recreational tourism involves travelling to escape routine life for enjoyment, like camping or visiting beaches
• Active tourism involves activities like mountain climbing or culinary arts
• Sports tourism involves attending sports events like the World Cup
• Religious tourism includes visiting religious sites such as Mecca
• Health or medical tourism involves travelling for health improvement, like visiting naturopathy centers
• Adventure tourism includes adventurous activities like rock climbing or sky-diving

Tourism Terminology Explained

• An attraction is a feature that satisfies tourists' leisure needs
• Cultural heritage reflect the living customs and artistic expressions passed down through generations
• Dark tourism involves visiting places connected to death and tragedy
• A destination is a place visited by tourists for at least 24 hours with supporting facilities
• Ecotourism enhances natural systems
• Excursionists travel for pleasure for less than 24 hours
• Foreign tourists visit a country other than their residence for at least 24 hours
• Hiking is walking vigorously on a trail
• Intermediaries link needed goods/services for tourists
• An itinerary is a documented plan of the tour
• Leisure is free time for relaxation
• Recreation is activities during leisure time
• A site is a place bound by physical or cultural traits
• Skiing uses skis to glide on snow
• Snorkeling involves swimming with a diving mask and snorkel
• Terrain describes a land with physical features
• Tourism carrying capacity defines the limit of visitors without causing environmental and socio-cultural destruction
• Travel is moving outside one's community for business or pleasure
• UNWTO promotes responsible and sustainable tourism
• A visitor is a non-residential person
• WTO is the World Tourism Organization

Factors Affecting Tourism

• Conducive climate optimizes tourism
• Undesired environmental changes adversely affects tourism
• Economic turbulence and unemployment affect tourism negatively
• Historical and cultural significance boosts tourism
• Research opportunities attract tourists for studies and exploration
• Religious sites attract pilgrimage
• Internet provides information and reviews that influence tourism

Tourism Demand

• Tourism demand is the total number of people who want to use tourist services
• Tourism varies based on tourist related factors
• Destinations managers and researchers analyze tourist motivations, behaviors, and affecting factors
• Businesses can optimize by identifying tourists types, behaviors, and creating offerings

Types of Tourists

Intrinsic Tourists

• Those who primarily travel for the sake of enjoyment

Extrinsic Tourists

• Those who are motivated by rewards and are very receptive to activities where the performance is being evaluated

Adventurers

• Those who give very little importance to relaxation
• They are always up to exploring unique destinations and taking on new challenges

Budget Travelers

• Tourists oriented towards the lower end of the scale
• Their decisions on mode of transport, destination, travel and other expenses depend on the status of their finances

Homebodies

• Tourists oriented towards relaxing
• Seldom have a mind to go on adventures

Moderates

• Plan their tours ahead
• Have a strong inclination towards touring and experiencing new destinations

Vacationers

• Plan their tours during times like summer breaks or Christmas
• Often unsure on where they want to go

Motivation Factors

• Motivation comes from human psychology and it’s categorized into two sets of factors

Internal Factors

• Factors that arouse, influence and decide one’s travel decisions

• Intrinsic Motivation: stems from the psychological needs like performing leisurely activities, creativity expression and relaxation

• Tourism is driven by rewards like assurance, fun and emotional needs

• Attitude: Feeling either positive or negative affects the same

• Perception: Derived directly from observation and listening

• Values: Beliefs based on acceptable conduct

• Personality: The same plays a role affecting drive of traveling

External Factors

• External motives that can influence the push for tourism
• Extrinsic: Motivated by monetary factors and the need for feeling competent
• Place of Origin: Grooming matters as Indians may favour family while American women might be less opposed towards traveling
• Family and Age: nuclear structure families tend to opt for extravagant tourism while interests and decisions also vary with age segments
• Culture/Social Class: Different segments often have unique tourism tastes and impact choices
• Market: Changes in currency and political/economic situations impact decision

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in Tourism

• It consists of five levels of basic motivational needs that determine human behavior

Physiological Needs

• Basic Survival, requirements including food, water, warmth clothing and comfort

Safety Needs

• Safety in every element such as security from financial, accidents or some negative impacts

Social Needs

• Intimacy, friendships, belonging and love

Self Esteem

• Feeling accepted and the need for external attention

Self-Actualization

• The need to fulfill their full potential

Consumer Behavior

• In tourism, behavior helps to understand why a tourist selects a particular destination and the decision criteria
• Geographical climatic conditions and advertising influences a tourist’s decision
• Social networks can alter the decision to visit a place
• National framework influences tourist behaviors based on where they belong to
• Basic provisions influence decision and are major contributing factors such as clean water, electricity and access
• Education widens a user’s choice, and thirst for wider knowledge when it comes to choosing a destination

Intrinsic Behavior (Consumer)

• High satisfaction
• Fast time passage

Extrinsic Behavior (Consumer)

• Competing
• Anxious and tense

Plog's Tourist Classification

• Allocentric (The Wanderers): Seek adventure, confident, prefers to explore, meet people and not committed to structured itinerary
• Psychocentric (The Repeater): Non-adventurous, prefer familiar environments
• Mid-centric (Combination): Swing between the two above said types

Henley Centre Model of Holidaymaking

• A British consultancy, it classified tourist into four segments

Phase I- Bubble Travelers

• Prefers to observe cultures without being part of it and travel out of curiosity

Phase II - Idealized Experience Seekers

• Confident tourists that are comfortable

Phase III - Seasoned Travelers

• More confident and likes to perform different experiments, thus more adventurous

Phase IV - Complete Immersers

• Wish intention of immersing into culture, well-planned and language

Destination Awareness

• Destination is the base ingredient or component to doing well in the tourism sector
• Important to grow and oversee all destination components

Tourist Destination

• Can exist as a town, area or city
• Needs to yield tourist revenues
• May exhibit more than one attraction

How to Attract Tourists to a Destination

• Inherent/exhibited historical, natural or cultural value
• Built or natural beauty

The Five A's of Tourism Sector

1. Accessibility

• Ability to reach to a location using a means of transportation in a safe convenient way

2. Accommodation

• Tourist gets food and shelter on payment
• Wide range to cater for anyone

3. Attraction

• The reason for the travel (cultural or natural reasons)
• Should motivate the tourist to visit

4. Activities

• The means for the tourist to have fun or be amused

5. Amenities

• Beneficiary factors such as visitor centers

Types of Tourist Destinations

• Centered Destination: Tourists tend to spend time along their desired destination
• Multi-Center Destination: India where tourists travel to a variety of places
• Touring Destination: Refer to travel for part of a linear itinerary
• It: Short destination and final for them

Building Online Destination Awareness

• Important now to build a presence for the specific destination to create awareness

Milieus

• Physical cultural environment/Social influences that directly impacts citizens

Geograpgical Milieus

• Pertains to different types of terrain that a tourist destination can provide

Rural area:

• area outside of urban zone, with less pollution and slower pace of life

Urban area

• boasts tech and modern infra with higher population

Other Categories to Consider

Cities or coast line with beaches Islets Mountain range Empty desert area

Cultural Milieus

• Visited given the archeological/Historical importance attached

Destination Management

• Key is to put into action strategies
• Important to spread the unique story of said area
• Attract more footfall through tourism

Manage Tourist Destinations

• Needs a tourist experience for customers as a must
• Crucial to collect such experiences

The Destination Management Organization (DMO)

• Effort of cooperation of some organizations
• Serves to retain long-term values
• Market it

Objectives of DMO

• All aims to steer develop
• Spread tourism
• Reduce impact of environment

DMO partnerships

• Work with non-serviced/serviced hospitality organizations
• Pertains to anything including attraction services, retail and food

Characteristics

• Not for profit and open to academic regions

How DMO works

• Works will to the best capability
• Constant form of communication to maintain great customer relationship

Tools for Destination Managment

• In place to ensure quality performance

SMED

• System of Measures and Excellence Destinations

Scientific Research

• In line with scientific procedure and study

Public Use Plans (PUP)

• Manage what must be the top priority for visitors

Steps to implement

Vision: a future desire is essential Goals: realistic economics

Collect Visitor's Experiences

• Make a group or division of what it must embody

Tourist Experiences

• Travel: before and what information is collected for this stage
• Selection: Influenced by climate and amenities
• During: Form an opinion
• Post: recommend to family/friends

Survey

• Demographics of travel form
• Habits along with desired experience

Create DMS (Destination Management System)

• Manipulate gathered information from prior actions
• Record inventory

Tourism Marketing Mix

• Series of Services that a customer invests for
• Insistent is needed on 4 components

One the Mix

• Cannot be stored
• Has in store experience is proportional

Price

• Is dictated based on fixed amount as cost

Components

• Locations where is the most tourist attention

Service And Products from Tour Operators

• Important as a sector
• Hard as that can’t be standardized for interest

Categories of Tourism products

TOP- what has a need to invest privately ROP- More public

Tangible

Booking A long term memory

TOUR Operators Products and Services

• Requires skilled and staffed labor

Destination accommodation can offer

• skilled labor
• catering
• clean room / budget housing that does contribute to the stay