Podcast
Questions and Answers
The Greek roots of "thermodynamics," 'therme' and 'dynamics,' directly translate to what physical concepts?
The Greek roots of "thermodynamics," 'therme' and 'dynamics,' directly translate to what physical concepts?
- Heat energy
- Heat energy
- Heat power
- Heat motion (correct)
In what publication year did the term "thermodynamics" gain formal recognition?
In what publication year did the term "thermodynamics" gain formal recognition?
- 18. Rudolph Clausius
- 21. Thomas Savery
- 19. William Rankine (correct)
- 20. Lord Kelvin
Which principle establishes energy as a fundamental attribute of a thermodynamic system?
Which principle establishes energy as a fundamental attribute of a thermodynamic system?
- Third law of thermodynamics
- Zeroth law of thermodynamics
- First law of thermodynamics (correct)
- Second law of thermodynamics
Which law introduces the concept of energy possessing both magnitude and usability?
Which law introduces the concept of energy possessing both magnitude and usability?
What branch of thermodynamics analyzes systems without considering the actions of individual constituent molecules?
What branch of thermodynamics analyzes systems without considering the actions of individual constituent molecules?
Which method of analyzing thermodynamics relies on averaging the behaviors of numerous individual particles?
Which method of analyzing thermodynamics relies on averaging the behaviors of numerous individual particles?
In thermodynamic analysis, what term describes the specifically chosen region for investigation?
In thermodynamic analysis, what term describes the specifically chosen region for investigation?
What established principle underlies the first law of thermodynamics?
What established principle underlies the first law of thermodynamics?
What term describes the external environment that interacts with the selected thermodynamic system?
What term describes the external environment that interacts with the selected thermodynamic system?
What distinguishes a system from its surroundings?
What distinguishes a system from its surroundings?
Which term describes a system where the mass remains constant, and no mass can enter or exit?
Which term describes a system where the mass remains constant, and no mass can enter or exit?
In thermodynamics, what term describes a setup where there is mass flow in either direction?
In thermodynamics, what term describes a setup where there is mass flow in either direction?
Which of the following is always characteristic of an open system?
Which of the following is always characteristic of an open system?
Which device is most likely to be found as an open system?
Which device is most likely to be found as an open system?
What correctly identifies the boundary of a control volume that can either be real or imaginary?
What correctly identifies the boundary of a control volume that can either be real or imaginary?
What term describes any measurable aspect of a thermodynamic system?
What term describes any measurable aspect of a thermodynamic system?
How are the attributes of a thermodynamics system typically classified?
How are the attributes of a thermodynamics system typically classified?
Which adjective describes properties that are independent of a system's size?
Which adjective describes properties that are independent of a system's size?
What term describes thermodynamic properties that vary proportionally with the system's extent or size?
What term describes thermodynamic properties that vary proportionally with the system's extent or size?
Which of the following is NOT an intensive property?
Which of the following is NOT an intensive property?
Which of the following properties is NOT extensive?
Which of the following properties is NOT extensive?
What are extensive properties expressed per unit mass referred to as?
What are extensive properties expressed per unit mass referred to as?
What term defines a condition throughout a system where temperature is uniform and unchanging?
What term defines a condition throughout a system where temperature is uniform and unchanging?
What type of equilibrium is achieved when there is no pressure change at any point in the system?
What type of equilibrium is achieved when there is no pressure change at any point in the system?
What type of equilibrium do multiphase systems achieve when the mass of each phase remains constant?
What type of equilibrium do multiphase systems achieve when the mass of each phase remains constant?
What kind of equilibrium relates to the stable composition of a substance without ongoing reactions?
What kind of equilibrium relates to the stable composition of a substance without ongoing reactions?
In thermodynamics, what principle says that the state of a simple, compressible system is fully defined using two independent intensive properties?
In thermodynamics, what principle says that the state of a simple, compressible system is fully defined using two independent intensive properties?
What is the standard unit for measuring total energy in the International System of Units (SI)?
What is the standard unit for measuring total energy in the International System of Units (SI)?
What units are used to quantify specific impulse?
What units are used to quantify specific impulse?
Omitting electrical, mechanical, gravitational, surface tension, and motion effects, what kind of system is described?
Omitting electrical, mechanical, gravitational, surface tension, and motion effects, what kind of system is described?
What term characterizes a system's change from one equilibrium state to another?
What term characterizes a system's change from one equilibrium state to another?
What term describes the series of states a system passes through during a transformation?
What term describes the series of states a system passes through during a transformation?
How many independent intensive properties define the equilibrium state of a pure gas?
How many independent intensive properties define the equilibrium state of a pure gas?
What term describes a process that occurs so gradually that the system is always infinitesimally close to equilibrium?
What term describes a process that occurs so gradually that the system is always infinitesimally close to equilibrium?
Instead of tracking mass, what does a closed system track??
Instead of tracking mass, what does a closed system track??
What does an open system track instead of tracking mass?
What does an open system track instead of tracking mass?
A system's state remains unaltered when in what condition?
A system's state remains unaltered when in what condition?
What is a process during which the system returns to its initial state?
What is a process during which the system returns to its initial state?
What characterizes an isothermal process?
What characterizes an isothermal process?
Flashcards
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Comes from Greek words 'therme' and 'dynamics', meaning heat energy.
Who coined Thermodynamics?
Who coined Thermodynamics?
First used in 1849, by William Rankine
First law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
Asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.
Second law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
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Classical Thermodynamics
Classical Thermodynamics
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Statistical Thermodynamics
Statistical Thermodynamics
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System (thermodynamics)
System (thermodynamics)
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First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
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Surroundings
Surroundings
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Boundary
Boundary
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Closed System
Closed System
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Open System
Open System
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Open System Device
Open System Device
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Control Surface
Control Surface
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Property (thermodynamics)
Property (thermodynamics)
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Thermodynamic Properties
Thermodynamic Properties
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Intensive Property
Intensive Property
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Extensive Property
Extensive Property
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Mass
Mass
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Specific Properties
Specific Properties
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Thermal
Thermal
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Mechanical equilibrium
Mechanical equilibrium
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Phase equilibrium
Phase equilibrium
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Chemical equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium
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State postulate
State postulate
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kJ (kilojoule)
kJ (kilojoule)
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Simple system
Simple system
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Process (thermodynamics)
Process (thermodynamics)
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Path (thermodynamics)
Path (thermodynamics)
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Quasi-equilibrium process
Quasi-equilibrium process
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Closed system
Closed system
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Open system
Open system
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Cycle (thermodynamics)
Cycle (thermodynamics)
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Isothermal process
Isothermal process
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Isobaric process
Isobaric process
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Isobaric process
Isobaric process
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Isochoric process
Isochoric process
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"Iso" Prefix Meaning
"Iso" Prefix Meaning
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"Steady" Meaning
"Steady" Meaning
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Steady-flow Process
Steady-flow Process
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Study Notes
- The term "thermodynamics" comes from Greek words meaning heat power.
- The term "thermodynamics" was first used in 1849 in William Rankine's publication.
- The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property, based on the conservation of energy principle.
- The second law of thermodynamics asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity.
- The macroscopic approach to thermodynamics, which doesn't require knowledge of individual particle behavior, is called classical thermodynamics.
- The more elaborate approach to thermodynamics, based on the average behavior of large groups of particles, is statistical thermodynamics.
- A "system" is defined as a region in space chosen for study.
- The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings.
- The real or imaginary surface separating the system from its surroundings is the boundary.
- A system with a fixed amount of mass where no mass can cross its boundary is a closed system.
- A system with flow of mass is known as an open system.
- Open systems usually enclose devices like compressors, turbines, and nozzles.
- The boundary of a control volume, either real or imaginary, is called a control surface.
- Any characteristic of a thermodynamics system is called a property.
- Thermodynamic properties are classified as intensive and extensive.
- Thermodynamic properties independent of the system size are called intensive properties.
- Thermodynamic properties dependent on the size or extent of the system are called extensive properties.
- Mass is NOT an intensive property of thermodynamics.
- Density is NOT an extensive property of thermodynamics.
- Temperture is NOT an extensive property of a substance.
- Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties.
- A system is in thermal equilibrium if the temperature is the same throughout.
- A system is in mechanical equilibrium if there is no change in pressure at any point with time.
- If a system involves two phases, it is in phase equilibrium when the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
- A system is in chemical equilibrium if its chemical composition doesn't change with time, i.e., no chemical reaction occurs.
- "The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties" is known as the state postulate.
- The unit of total energy of a system is kJ (kilojoules).
- The unit of specific impulse is seconds.
- Without electrical, mechanical, gravitational, surface tension and motion effects, a system is called a simple compressible system.
- Any change a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is a process.
- The series of states through which a system passes during a process is the path.
- Two independent properties are required to completely fix the equilibrium state of a pure gaseous compound.
- A process where the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times is a quasi-state or quasi-equilibrium process.
- A closed system may refer to control mass.
- An open system may refer to control volume.
- A process with identical end states is called a cycle.
- A process during which the temperature remains constant is an isothermal process.
- A process during which the pressure remains constant is an isobaric process.
- In an isobaric process, pressure is zero.
- A process during which the specific volume remains constant is an isochoric or isometric process.
- The prefix "iso" means remains constant.
- The term "steady" implies no change with time.
- The term "uniform" implies no change with location.
- A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily is a steady-flow process.
- The sum of all microscopic forms of energy is called internal energy.
- The type of system energy related to the molecular structure of a system is the microscopic form of energy.
- The form of energy that refers to those a system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as potential and kinetic energies is macroscopic energy.
- Thomas Young coined the word "energy" in 1807.
- Translational energy is, the molecules of gas moving through space with some velocity possess.
- Rotational kinetic energy is, the electronics in an atom which rotate about the nucleus, possess.
- Spin energy is, the electrons which spin about its axis, possess.
- Sensible energy is, the portion of the internal energy of a system associated with the kinetic energies of the molecules.
- Latent energy is, the internal energy associated with the phase of a system.
- Chemical energy is, the internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule.
- Nuclear energy is, the extremely large amount of energy associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus of the atom itself.
- The only two forms of energy interactions associated with a closed system are heat transfer and work.
- The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- R. H. Fowler formulated the zeroth law of thermodynamics in 1931.
- The thermodynamics temperature scale in the SI System is Kelvin.
- The thermodynamics temperature scale in the English system is Rankine.
- Ideal gas temperature scale is identical to the Kelvin scale.
- The temperatures of the ideal gas temperature scale are measured by using a constant-volume gas thermometer.
- Thermoelectric thermometer has the widest range.
- Mercury thermometer is used to measure temperature based on the expansion of mercury as the temperature increases where the temperature range is -38° C to 350° C.
- A pyrometer is used principally at temperatures above the first visible "red heat".
- The approximate temperature of the first visible “red heat" is 500° C.
- Coulomb repulsion refers to the strong repulsion between the positively charged nuclei which makes fusion reaction difficult attain.
- A constant-volume gas thermometer, the gas thermometer, is based on the principle that at low pressure, the temperature of a gas is proportional to its pressure as constant volume.
- All three phases of water coexist in equilibrium in triple point of water.
- The pressure of water at the tripoint is 0.00592 atm.
- Pressure is defined as the force per unit area.
- The unit "pascal" is equivalent to N/m².
- 14.223 psi is NOT a value of the standard atmosphere pressure.
- The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa).
- 1 bar is equivalent to 10⁵ pascals.
- 1 atm is equivalent to 101,325 pascals.
- Absolute pressure is considered as the actual pressure at a given position and is measured relative to absolute vacuum.
- Vacuum pressure is the pressure below atmospheric pressure.
- The pressure difference between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure is called gauge pressure.
- Pitot tube is NOT an instrument used to measure pressure.
- Aneroid instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure.
- Another unit used to measure atmospheric pressure is the torr where an average atmospheric pressure is 760 torr.
- Pascal’s law states that for a confined fluid, the pressure at a point has the same magnitude in all directions.
- Bourdon pressure gage is a pressure measuring device which, consists of A coiled hollow tube, that tends to straighten out when the tube is subjected to an internal pressure
- Heat is an energy that can be transferred from one object to another causing a change in temperature of each object.
- The SI unit of energy is the Joule (J).
- One joule is equivalent to one kg.m²/s².
- One calorie is equivalent to 4.184 joules.
- One erg is equivalent to 10⁻⁷ joules.
- The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy.
- Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations.
- Enthalpy is considered as the heat content of a system.
- The thermodynamic variable that is a function of enthalpy and entropy of the system is the Gibb's function.
- Entropy and temperature, from: Fba.
- Gibb's theorem states that "the total property of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the properties that the individual gases would have if each occupied the same temperature".
- Heat capacity refers to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius or 1K.
- Molar heat is the heat capacity of one mole of a substance.
- Specific heat is heat capacity of one gram of a substance.
- To change Btu/lbm- °F to kJ/kg- K, multiply specific heat values by 4.1868.
- Water has the highest specific heat.
- Thermal capacity refers to the product of the mass of the body and its specific heat.
- Sensible heat refers to the energy that changes the temperature of a substance.
- Hess's law states that "The enthalpy change for any chemical reaction is independent of the intermediate stages, provided the initial and final conditions are the same for each route."
- Entropy refers to the measure of the disorder present in a given substance or system.
- Entropy is measured in joule/kelvin.
- Absolute entropy measures the energy that is no longer available to perform useful work within the current environment.
- Enthalpy of reaction is the energy absorbed during chemical reaction under constant volume conditions.
- The water that exist in the liquid phase and is not about to vaporize is considered as compressed or subcooled liquid.
- A liquid that is about to vaporize is called saturated liquid.
- A vapor that is about to condense is called saturated vapor.
- A vapor that is not about to condense is called superheated.
- A pure substance has a fixed chemical composition.
- The temperature at which a pure substance changes phase, at a given pressure is saturation temperature.
- The pressure at which a pure substance changes phase, at a given temperature is saturation pressure. Heat of fusion is the amount of heat needed to turn 1 kg of the substance at its melting point from the solid to the liquid state.
- Heat of vaporation is the amount of heat needed to turn 1 kg of the substance at boiling point from the liquid to the gaseous state?
- Latent heat is the amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase-change process.
- The heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/g.
- The heat of fusion of ice is 144 Btu/lb.
- The latent heat of fusion of water at 1 atm is 333.7 kJ/kg.
- The average heat of vaporization of water at 1 atm is 2257.1 kJ/kg.
- The average heat of vaporization of water at its normal boiling point is 970 Btu/lb.
- Increasing the pressure can raise the boiling point of a liquid.
- Latent Heat is considered "hidden" because it goes into or come out of internal potential energy.
- The freezing point of water is 273 K in absolute temperature.
- A critical point refers to the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are the same or identical.
- Sublimation is defined as the direct conversion of a substance from the solid to the vapor state, or vice versa, without passing the liquid state.
- Kilocalorie is the amount heat required to be raised to, the temperature of 1 kg of water through 1° C is called
- BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1° F.
- 1 British thermal unit (BTU) is equivalent to 1054 joules.
- Calorie, Joule, and BTU is a set of common units of heat.
- The term “enthalpy” comes from Greek “enthalpien” which means heat.
- The ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture is called quality.
- The "equation of state" refers to any equation that relates the pressure, temperature and specific volume of the substance.
- In the equation Pv= RT, the constant of proportionality R is known as gas constant.
- The gas constant of a certain gas is the ratio of the universal gas constant to molar mass.
- The value of the universal gas constant is 8.314 kJ/ kmol· K.
- The value of the universal gas constant in Btu/ lbmole- °R is 1.986.
- The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is known as molar mass.
- Specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.
- Specific heat capacity, the of a substance, is the amount of heat that must be added or removed from a unit mass of the substance to change its temperature by one degree.
- The specific heat capacity of water is 4185 J/kg· °C.
- The SI unit of specific heat capacity is J/kg °C.
- Specific volume of density is constant for a substance that is considered incompresible.
- If there is no heat transferred during the process, it is called adiabatic.
- The term "adiabatic" comes from Greek "aduabatos" which means not to be passed.
- Heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation: all of the above.
- The model of heat transfer in core reactors occurs mostly in air and in water.
- Radiation refers to the transfer of energy due to the emission of electromagnetic waves or photons.
- Convection, refers to the transfer of energy between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid that is in motion
- The transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of,Conduction,a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interaction between particles..
- Energy transfer is classified as point function.
- Conservation of mass principle states that the net mass transfers to or from a system during a process is equals to the net change in the total mass of the system during that process.
- PV=nRT statements is TRUE for an ideal gas, but not for a real gas.
- Adiabatic: heat transfer is not equal to zero; isentropic: heat transfer is zero both: heat transfer = 0; isentropic, reversible.
- The Adiabatic heat expansion follows thermodynamic system?
- PV = nRT is the Ideal gas law (equation).
- Thermal conductivity is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat.
- Greenhouse effect the to the heating of the earth's atmosphere not caused by direct sunlight by infrared light radiated by the surface and absorbed mainly by atmospheric carbon dioxide.
- Boundary work is a form of mechanical work which is related with the expansion and compression of substances.
- Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in, B. 0. 1 to 100 μm
- Emissive power, It refers to the rate of thermal radiation emitter per unit area of a body.
- Kirchhoff's radiation law. states that for any two bodies in thermal equilibrium, the ratio of emissive power to absorptivity is equal?
- Newton's law of cooling states that, "For small temperature differences, the rate of cooling due to conduction, convection and radiation combined is proportional to the difference in temperature."
- Black body, What is considered as a perfect absorber as well as a perfect emitter?
- Gray body is a body that emits a constant emissivity regardless of the wavelength.
- Kirchhoff's law. What law states that the ratio of the emissive power to the absorptive power of all bodies, is the same and is equal to the emissive power of a perfect black body?
- Less than from:At same temperature, the radiation emitted by all real surface is the radiation emitted by a black body.
- It is independent with the surface condition of the material which is NOT a characteristic of emissivity?
- The emissivity of a black body is 1.
- The emissivity of a black body's absorptivity is 1.
- Stefan-Boltzmann law is sometimes known as the "Fourth- power law"? conservation of energy principle states that states that the net change in the total energy of the system during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process.
- Energy balance is known in the, Ein – Eout= ∆Esystem
- Mass and energy content of the control volume remains constant during a steady- flow process
- Net work output to total heat input Thermal efficiency is the ratio of:
- Second law of thermodynamics states that it is impossible to operate an engine operating in a cycle that will have no other effect than to extract heat from a reservoir and turn it in not an equivalent amount of work?
- Kelvin- Planck statement states that, Which statement of the second law of thermodynamics states that no heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100 percent?
- Combustion of efficiency is the ratio of the useful heat extracted to heating value?
- Overall efficiency What is defined as the ratio of the net electrical power output to the rate of fuel energy input?
- B. Energy efficiency rating is the measurement heat removed from the cooled space in BTUs for 1 watt-hour of electricity consumed?
- Second law of thermodynamics law states that it is impossible to build a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower- temperature body a higher- temperature body?
- Clausius statement statement of the second law of thermodynamics, states that it is impossible to build a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower- temperature body higher- temperature body?
- Perpetual- motion machine, A device that violates either the first law of thermodynamics or the second law of thermodynamics is known as
- A perpetual- motion machine of the first kind device that violates the first law of thermo dynamics is called a
- A perpetual- motion machine of the first kind:A device that violates the second law of thermo dynamics is called a
- Carnot cycle is the best known reversible cycle which was proposed in 1824?
- Sadi Carnot Who proposed the Carnot cycle?
- C. 4 What the Carnot cycle consist of ?
- Two isothermal and two adiabatic The Carnot cycle consists of
- A refrigerator, is a Carnot cycle if made to run backwards, it will work as a
- Carnot efficiency is the highest efficiency of heat engine operating between the two thermal energy reservoirs at temperature limits?
- A. Carnot heat engine What is a heat engine that operates on two reversible Carnot cycle called? A. Less than, irreversible, The efficiency of any engine is _____ the Carnot efficiency if the process is -----?
- B. Carnot principle, Which states that the thermal efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs are the same and that no heat engine is more efficient than a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs?
- Ignition automobile engine works in a cyclic thermodynamic process consisting of five steps. What It is the fourth step?
- Second law of thermodynamics Who discovered the thermodynamic property "Entropy" in 1865?
- Isentropic: A process during which entropy remains constant is called?
- A. True, "A reversible adiabatic process is necessarily isentropic but an isentropic process is not necessarily reversible adiabatic process.” This statement is:
- Internally reversible, adiabatic process The term “isentropic process” used in thermodynamics implies what?
- Third law of thermodynamics, What states that the entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute xero temperature is zero?
- Third law of thermodynamics, law provides an absolute reference point for the determination of entropy?
- B. Entropy balance relation "The entropy change of a system during a process is equal to the net entropy transfer through the system boundary and the entropy generated within the system". This statement is known as: -What law staes that entropy can be created but it cannot be destroyed ? Second law of thermodynamics
- Entropy is transferred by Beat
- It is always zero adiabatic, internally reversible process, what is true about the change in entropy A.
- Its saturated vapor pressure equals to the atmospheric pressure A. water boils when ?
- O degree Celsius and one atmosphere Which of the following is standard temperature and pressure (STP) ? A.
- A. Threshold temperature What is defined as the temperature at which carbon or graphite undergoes a weight loss of less than 1 percent in 24 hours when exposed to the atmosphere?
- The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules. The temperature of a gas is proportional to .
- A. Zero Value of the work done for a closed, reversible isometric system?
- Boyle's law A. At constant temperature, the volume of a gas in inversely proportional to the pressure This is known as:
- The correct Which of the following is the mathematical representation of the Charles' s law? A. (V1/ T1) = (V2/T2)
- B. What is the Gas formula : Gay-Lussac's law
- thickness of material/thermal conductivity of material Which of the following is the formula for thermal resistance? A. What is the value of Electromagnetic waves in speed , 186, 000 miles/ second in the process of radiation
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