Questions and Answers
What does thermodynamics deal with?
What is the boundary of a thermodynamic system?
What is a characteristic of a closed system?
What is an example of an open system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the macroscopic approach in thermodynamic studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of a control surface in an open system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of a thermodynamic system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is required to describe a thermodynamic system in the macroscopic approach?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between a closed system and an open system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the scope of thermodynamic studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of the microscopic approach in thermodynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of an intensive property?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of dividing a system into two equal parts with a partition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the specific volume of a substance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of a continuum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the condition of a system at any instant of time called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a system in thermal equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of a system in mechanical equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a process in thermodynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of a quasi-equilibrium process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a point function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a quasi-equilibrium process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of a cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unit of pressure in the SI system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the condition for mechanical equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of absolute pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of a system in thermal equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of thermodynamic equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a reversible process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unit of work in the International System of Units (SI)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the formula for calculating work in thermodynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of a reversible process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the sign convention for work done by the system on the surroundings?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of work in thermodynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of an irreversible process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the formula for calculating the change in internal energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of thermodynamic work?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformation, and its effects on physical properties of substances.
- It deals with equilibrium and feasibility of a process, and the relationship between heat and work, and the properties of systems in equilibrium.
Thermodynamics System
- A thermodynamics system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
- The mass and region outside the system is called the surrounding.
- The boundary of the system is a real or imaginary surface that separates the system from the surrounding.
Types of Thermodynamics Systems
- Closed System (Control Mass): A fixed amount of mass, no mass can cross its boundary, and energy can cross the boundary in the form of heat or work.
- Open System (Control Volume): A properly selected region in space where both mass and energy can cross the boundary.
Approaches to Thermodynamics
- Macroscopic Approach: Considers a certain quantity of matter without taking into account events occurring at the molecular level.
- Microscopic Approach: Considers the matter as comprised of a large number of tiny particles known as molecules, which move randomly in a disordered fashion.
Properties of a System
- Property: Any characteristic of a system.
- Intensive Properties: Independent of the size of the system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
- Extensive Properties: Depend on the size or extent of the system, such as mass, volume, and total energy.
Specific Properties of a System
- Specific Properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
- Specific Volume: The volume of a substance per unit mass.
- Specific Energy: The energy of a substance per unit mass.
- Specific Gravity: The density of a substance with respect to the density of a standard substance at a specified temperature.
Continuum and State
- Continuum: A continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes.
- State: The condition of a system at any instant of time, described by its properties.
Equilibrium and Processes
- Equilibrium: A state of balance, with no unbalanced potentials or driving forces within the system.
- Process: A change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
- Quasi-Equilibrium Process: A process that proceeds in a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.
Point Function and Path Function
- Point Function: A quantity whose change is independent of the path, such as properties.
- Path Function: A quantity whose value depends on the path followed during a change of state, such as heat and work.
Cycle and Steady Flow Process
- Cycle: A system that returns to its initial state at the end of a process.
- Steady Flow Process: A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.
Temperature and Pressure
- Temperature: A measure of hotness or coldness, measured in Celsius or Kelvin scales.
- Pressure: The force exerted by a fluid per unit area, measured in pascals.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A system that exists in a state of equilibrium, with no changes in macroscopic properties observed if the system is isolated from its surroundings.
Quasi-Static Process and Reversible Process
- Quasi-Static Process: A process that is performed in an infinitesimally slow manner, with the system remaining in equilibrium at all times.
- Reversible Process: A process that is performed in such a way that both the system and surrounding can be restored to their initial state without producing any changes in the rest of the universe.
Irreversible Process
- Irreversible Process: A process that is carried out in such a way that the system and surrounding cannot be exactly restored to their respective initial states at the end of the reverse process.
Work in Thermodynamics
- Work: The transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied to an object, causing it to move.
- Thermodynamic Work: Work involves energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure.
- Pressure-Volume Work: Work done by or on a system at constant pressure, given by W = PΔV.
Sign Convention and Heat Transfer
- Sign Convention: Work done by the system is positive, and work done on the system is negative.
- Heat Transfer: The transfer of energy from one body to another due to a temperature difference.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the science of energy transformation, equilibrium, and feasibility of processes. Explore the relationship between heat, work, and system properties.