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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an important application of thermodynamics in pharmacy?
Which of the following is an important application of thermodynamics in pharmacy?
- Drug dispensing techniques
- Patient counseling methods
- Medication labeling procedures
- Drug stability (correct)
What did the temporary removal of Ritonavir from the market in 1998 illustrate?
What did the temporary removal of Ritonavir from the market in 1998 illustrate?
- The significance of thermodynamic stability in drug formulation (correct)
- The impact of marketing strategies on drug availability
- The influence of government regulations on pharmaceutical products
- The challenges of manufacturing oral capsules
What does thermodynamics consider in terms of macroscopic systems?
What does thermodynamics consider in terms of macroscopic systems?
- Microscopic interactions between particles
- Chemical bonding and molecular structure
- Different forms of energy and basic quantities like pressure and temperature (correct)
- Biological processes and cellular functions
Which type of drug interaction does knowledge of thermodynamics help to understand?
Which type of drug interaction does knowledge of thermodynamics help to understand?
In a chemical system, expansion work is equal to which of the following?
In a chemical system, expansion work is equal to which of the following?
What is the relationship between heat and thermal energy?
What is the relationship between heat and thermal energy?
What does the 1st law of thermodynamics state?
What does the 1st law of thermodynamics state?
How are systems classified based on their interaction with surroundings?
How are systems classified based on their interaction with surroundings?
What is the measure of heat in the context of raising the temperature of water?
What is the measure of heat in the context of raising the temperature of water?
What happens when a gas expands into an evacuated space at constant temperature?
What happens when a gas expands into an evacuated space at constant temperature?
What does expansion work in a chemical system involve?
What does expansion work in a chemical system involve?
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Study Notes
- Molecular energy: All chemical energy changes are related to potential and kinetic energies of molecules. Potential energy is 'stored energy' and transformed into kinetic energy.
- 1st law of thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between systems and surroundings as work or heat.
- Internal energy: A molecule's total energy consists of nuclear, inter/intramolecular forces, kinetic, and potential energies.
- Classification of systems: Systems are classified based on their interaction with surroundings: isolated (no energy or mass transfer), closed (energy transfer only), and open (energy and mass transfer).
- Heat: Heat is thermal energy, related to the motion of atoms and molecules. It is transferred between systems and surroundings via work or heat.
- Calories: Heat is measured in calories (or gram-calories), with 1 calorie being the energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
- Work: Work is energy transferred to move an object against a force. In a system, work is done by the system when it expands against a constant external pressure.
- Energy changes in chemical systems: Chemical reactions, such as drug decomposition, can involve expansion work due to the production of gaseous products.
- Minimum work: When a gas expands into an evacuated space at constant temperature, the work done on the gas is minimal because there is no external pressure opposing the expansion.
- Interpreting Work: In each scenario, the energy of the system can be determined by evaluating whether the work done on or by the system results in a positive or negative change in internal energy.
- Expansion work in chemical systems: Expansion work is the work done by a system when it expands against a constant external pressure. This work is equal to the negative product of pressure, volume, and temperature for an isothermal expansion.
- Minimum work in gas expansion: The work done on a gas, like in the case of gas expanding into an evacuated space, is minimal because there is no external pressure opposing the expansion. Therefore, the change in internal energy is equal to the minimum work required.
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