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Questions and Answers
What percentage of bone is composed of water?
What percentage of bone is composed of water?
Which region does the axial skeleton primarily consist of?
Which region does the axial skeleton primarily consist of?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
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What is the main type of inorganic component found in bone?
What is the main type of inorganic component found in bone?
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How many bones are included in the adult human skeleton?
How many bones are included in the adult human skeleton?
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What are short bones primarily responsible for?
What are short bones primarily responsible for?
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Which type of tissue mainly comprises the organic components of bone?
Which type of tissue mainly comprises the organic components of bone?
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What is the main function of the intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?
What is the main function of the intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?
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Which ligament runs along the front of the vertebral bodies?
Which ligament runs along the front of the vertebral bodies?
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How many pairs of ribs are present in the thoracic cage?
How many pairs of ribs are present in the thoracic cage?
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Where does the coccyx articulate with other bones in the body?
Where does the coccyx articulate with other bones in the body?
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What forms the intervertebral foramina?
What forms the intervertebral foramina?
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Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicles?
Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicles?
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What is the role of the ligamentum flavum in the vertebral column?
What is the role of the ligamentum flavum in the vertebral column?
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Which part of the vertebral column is known to be thinnest?
Which part of the vertebral column is known to be thinnest?
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What is the primary function of the hyoid bone?
What is the primary function of the hyoid bone?
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Which of the following bones contain air-filled sinuses?
Which of the following bones contain air-filled sinuses?
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At what age does the anterior fontanelle typically ossify?
At what age does the anterior fontanelle typically ossify?
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How many movable bones make up the vertebral column?
How many movable bones make up the vertebral column?
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What distinguishes the atlas (C1) from other cervical vertebrae?
What distinguishes the atlas (C1) from other cervical vertebrae?
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Which section of the vertebral column consists of five vertebrae that increase in size downward?
Which section of the vertebral column consists of five vertebrae that increase in size downward?
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What is the purpose of the air-filled sinuses in the skull?
What is the purpose of the air-filled sinuses in the skull?
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What characterizes the thoracic vertebrae?
What characterizes the thoracic vertebrae?
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Which bone forms the lateral malleolus?
Which bone forms the lateral malleolus?
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What type of bone is the patella classified as?
What type of bone is the patella classified as?
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Which of the following bones is NOT a tarsal bone?
Which of the following bones is NOT a tarsal bone?
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How many phalanges are present in one foot?
How many phalanges are present in one foot?
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Which bones primarily form the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Which bones primarily form the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
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What structure of the foot is described as having a bridge-like arrangement?
What structure of the foot is described as having a bridge-like arrangement?
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How many metatarsal bones are in one foot?
How many metatarsal bones are in one foot?
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What is the main characteristic of the lateral longitudinal arch compared to the medial longitudinal arch?
What is the main characteristic of the lateral longitudinal arch compared to the medial longitudinal arch?
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What is the primary function of the ribs?
What is the primary function of the ribs?
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How many pairs of ribs are attached directly to the sternum?
How many pairs of ribs are attached directly to the sternum?
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Which bones make up the shoulder girdle?
Which bones make up the shoulder girdle?
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What is unique about the last two pairs of ribs?
What is unique about the last two pairs of ribs?
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What does the clavicle connect?
What does the clavicle connect?
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What role does the shoulder girdle play in the human body?
What role does the shoulder girdle play in the human body?
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What is the total number of bones in the appendicular skeleton?
What is the total number of bones in the appendicular skeleton?
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Which of these bones is part of the upper limb?
Which of these bones is part of the upper limb?
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Study Notes
Introduction to the Skeletal System
- Composed of more than 200 bones, cartilage and ligaments
- Provides support to the body and enables movement
- The adult skeleton consists of 206 bones
Structure of Bone
- Two-thirds of bone is made up of calcium salts, which make it strong and rigid
- 25% water and 25% organic components, including osteoid and bone cells
- Inorganic components, predominantly calcium phosphate make up 50% of the bone
Classification of Bones
-
By Shape:
- Long bones: Longer than they are wide, e.g., femur, humerus
- Short bones: Roughly cube shaped, e.g., carpals, tarsals
- Flat bones: Thin and curved, e.g., skull bones, ribs
- Irregular bones: Complex shapes, e.g., vertebrae, facial bones
-
By Region:
- Axial Skeleton: Central core of the body - skull, vertebral column, rib cage
- Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs and their supporting structures - shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs
Functions of Bones
- Protection of internal organs
- Storage and release of fats and minerals
- Production of blood cells
- Facilitation of movement
- Providing structural support
Axial Skeleton
- Consists of 80 bones
- Includes skull, vertebral column, rib cage
- Primarily protects vital organs like the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs
Skull
- Two main parts: cranium and facial bones
- Cranium: Protects the brain
- Hyoid bone: Does not articulate with any other bone, supports the tongue
- Sinuses: Air-filled cavities that lighten the skull and contribute to voice resonance
Fontanelles of the Skull
- Membranous areas where cranial sutures are not fully ossified at birth
- Allow the baby's head to mold during childbirth
- Typically ossify by 12-18 months of age
Vertebral Column
- Composed of 24 movable vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
- Divided into three sections:
- Cervical Vertebrae: Seven vertebrae in the neck, including the atlas and axis
- Thoracic Vertebrae: Twelve vertebrae in the chest, connect to ribs
- Lumbar Vertebrae: Five vertebrae in the lower back, support weight and movement
- Sacrum: Triangular bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae, connects to the pelvis
- Coccyx: Tailbone, formed by the fusion of four vertebrae
Features of the Vertebral Column
- Intervertebral Discs: Separate vertebrae, provide shock absorption and flexibility
- Intervertebral Foramina: Openings between vertebrae that allow passage for spinal nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels
- Ligaments: Support vertebrae and maintain intervertebral disc positioning
Thoracic Cage
- Consists of 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilages, and the sternum
- Protects the heart and lungs
- Sternum: Breastbone, provides attachment for ribs and clavicles
- Ribs: Primarily support respiration
Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of 126 bones
- Includes shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs
- Develops from cartilage through endochondral ossification
Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb
- Shoulder Girdle: Composed of two scapulae and two clavicles, connects the upper limbs to the torso
- Upper Limb: Includes the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
- Pelvic Girdle: Composed of two hip bones, connects the lower limbs to the torso
- Lower Limb: Includes the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Arches of the Foot
- Medial Longitudinal Arch: Highest and most prominent, provides support and flexibility
- Lateral Longitudinal Arch: Less prominent arch, provides support and flexibility
- Transverse Arches: Provide stability and distribute weight
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Description
Test your knowledge on the skeletal system, including its structure and classification of bones. Learn about the different types of bones and their functions in the body. Challenge yourself to understand the key components that form the human skeleton.
