Introduction to Technology and Its Transfer
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Questions and Answers

What is the main assumption of the farmer-participatory model in research?

  • Research should focus primarily on technological advancements.
  • Farmers must play an active role in problem solving. (correct)
  • Research should be led solely by extension personnel.
  • Farmers should be incorporated only at the final stages of research.

Which of the following is NOT an element of diffusion?

  • Feedback mechanisms (correct)
  • Communication channels
  • Innovation
  • Social system

How is the relative advantage of an innovation generally measured?

  • By its popularity in social media.
  • Through economic benefits or other personal advantages. (correct)
  • Based on the number of users adopting it.
  • By the ease of its implementation.

What does compatibility refer to in the context of innovation?

<p>The consistency of an innovation with existing values and needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected impact of complexity on the rate of adoption of an innovation?

<p>It slows down the rate of adoption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following innovations is noted as an example in the provided content?

<p>New methods of management decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of innovation does the term 'perceived newness' refer to?

<p>The individual's perspective on the innovation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do social scientists play in the research process described?

<p>They provide a holistic understanding of farmer issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criteria were used to select women trainees for the program?

<p>Literacy and marital status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the project in terms of financial support for women?

<p>More than 250 women received loans at a rate of 4% interest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many women professionals were part of the FAO project staff in Côte d'Ivoire?

<p>3 women among 11 total staff (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the plan of work in a program?

<p>To answer the questions of who, what, how, and when (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which position is NOT listed as being held by women in this context?

<p>Chief financial officer of the project (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT typically performed by extension functionaries?

<p>Monitoring social media engagement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total project staff were women in Jamaica?

<p>40% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is evaluation important in program implementation?

<p>To determine how well objectives have been achieved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the reconsideration and revision of a program?

<p>Removal of technical defects identified during evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite having trained women participants, what percentage of fish farmers were women?

<p>10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What support did link workers provide to individual women?

<p>Assistance in identifying urgent needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for a good program's statement of objectives?

<p>They should be socially and economically significant to the people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the calendar of work be prepared in relation to the plan of work?

<p>In alignment with the planned objectives and operations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did recent budget cuts have on the project?

<p>Reduction in project personnel and transfer of staff (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback is important during program implementation?

<p>Stakeholder feedback on developments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one result of a successful evaluation process?

<p>An informed decision on whether to adjust or continue the program (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common perception that hinders women's access to aquaculture resources?

<p>Aquaculture is considered strictly men's work. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural practice may prevent women from interacting with men in certain regions?

<p>Purdah (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is time a crucial issue for women involved in aquaculture training?

<p>Women must balance household duties with training. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major barrier that women face in accessing formal training programs?

<p>Lack of transportation and accommodation facilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might women have to do in order to justify their time spent away from household activities?

<p>Increase household burdens on their children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason women may not participate in aquaculture extension work?

<p>Overabundance of male instructors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of extension agents can limit effective training in aquaculture?

<p>Lack of practical experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor might discourage women from pursuing extension work in aquaculture?

<p>Cultural attitudes about gender roles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data should be gathered to evaluate the participation of women in fellowship programs?

<p>Numbers and percentages of women applying for and receiving fellowships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial component to include in training programs for women in aquaculture?

<p>Numeracy and literacy training alongside specific production technologies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to utilize more women trainers in ongoing training programs?

<p>Women trainers may improve relevance and relatability of training for female participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of current extension services needs immediate attention?

<p>Their effectiveness in transferring technology to women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consideration is vital for the success of training programs for women?

<p>Ensuring representation of women on project committees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key recommendation for extension services aimed at fish farming?

<p>Creation of special sections for rural women staffed by female agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential benefit could arise from enabling women to participate in refresher courses?

<p>It reinforces the knowledge and skills they have already acquired (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered extremely valuable for training programs in aquaculture?

<p>Hands-on demonstrations and multimedia presentations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of trainers and trainees in aquaculture are women?

<p>10-15% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to improve outreach to women in agriculture?

<p>Utilize male extension agents exclusively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current societal perception of women's roles in aquaculture?

<p>Aquaculture is often considered 'men's work' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical factor impacts the effectiveness of technology transfer in aquaculture?

<p>Development of means to reach women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as an important strategy for improving contacts between male extension agents and women?

<p>Organizing regular group meetings with few women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is recommended to publicize women's work in aquaculture?

<p>Using research and media channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles women typically play in aquaculture, despite their lack of recognition?

<p>They manage the ponds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to increase the number of women in training programs and extension services?

<p>To achieve higher rates of project success and technology transfer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Farmer-back-to-farmer model

A research method where farmers are actively involved in problem-solving from start to finish.

Diffusion

The spread of new ideas, practices, or objects within a society over time.

Innovation

A new idea, practice, or object, perceived as new by individuals in a society.

Relative advantage

How much better an innovation is than what it replaces.

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Compatibility

How well an innovation fits with existing values and needs.

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Complexity

How difficult an innovation is to understand and use.

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Communication Channels

The methods used to share information about an innovation.

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Social System

A group of people interacting and influencing each other.

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Plan of work

A written document outlining who, what, and how tasks will be done.

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Calendar of operations

A schedule of when tasks outlined in the plan of work will be completed.

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Follow-through plan

Executing the plan, addressing issues, coordinating with stakeholders, and tracking progress through training, demonstrations, visits, and feedback.

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Program evaluation

Assessing the success of a program by measuring if objectives were met. It involves determining the extent objectives were realized.

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Program revision

Modifications made to a program based on evaluation results; fixing problems, improving cooperation, increasing participant involvement.

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Good Program Characteristics

Includes clear context, a description of the problem, objectives (short and long-term), detailed tasks, and a summary available to all involved.

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Program Objectives

The goals of the program, significant to the people, both short and long-term

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Extension Functionary Actions

Carrying out training, conducting demonstrations, communicating information, regular monitoring, resolving unexpected issues, and coordinating with organizations

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Female extension personnel shortage

Limited number of trained women working in agricultural extension services.

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Preconceived notions (administrators)

Pre-existing biases that prevent women from getting help in aquaculture.

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Socio-economic constraints (women)

Financial and social factors that limit women's access to training and resources.

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Cultural barriers (aquaculture)

Social norms preventing women from participating in certain activities like aquaculture.

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Access to training (women)

Challenges women face in getting agricultural training or education.

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Time constraints (women)

Limited availability of time for women due to household responsibilities.

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Accessibility of training facilities (women)

Difficulties women experience in reaching training locations due to logistical issues and lack of facilities.

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Education and Language Barriers (women)

Limited education and language difficulties that restrict women's ability to engage in extension work.

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Women Trainee Selection Criteria

Criteria used to select women for training programs, including literacy, marital status, acceptance by the community, willingness to participate, understanding of training implications, and willingness to work in groups.

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10-Week Residential Training

A 10-week structured training program for women focused on group dynamics, potentially including field visits designed to develop group leadership skills.

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On-the-Job Training

A two-month period following residential training, where women practice learned skills in a work setting in Côte d'Ivoire.

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Link Workers Role

Support staff who connected with individual participants to assess their needs, identify solutions, and initiate cooperatives.

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Cooperative Societies Formation

Fisherwomen organizing into groups to share resources and opportunities for financial support.

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Project Staff Diversity in Cote d'Ivoire

While only 2 of 2000 fish farmers were women, a significant number of women held various leadership roles within the project staff.

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FAO Project's Women Inclusion

Women were integrated into the project's staff and leadership although not in equal numbers. Women are in projects on the same level as men in Côte D'Ivoire.

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Scholarship for Women in Jamaica

The US AID Fish Production Development Project offered scholarships to women for advanced training in fish farming, leading to notable roles in Jamaica.

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Women's Training Data Collection

Gathering and evaluating data on women's participation in fisheries training and employment, including fellowship applications, training center attendance, and continuation in aquaculture.

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Women Trainers

Utilizing more women as trainers in existing training programs to better support women's learning.

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Village-Level Training

Evaluating the practicality of setting up training programs at the village level, especially in aquaculture projects with training components.

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Integrated Training

Combining practical training with literacy and numeracy to ensure comprehensive skill development for women in fisheries.

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Success Factors in Training

Acknowledging critical components like child care provisions, tool access for women, women's representation on project teams, and support for hiring women to help improve training program success.

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Income Generation

Focusing extension services on helping women generate income through their activities.

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Extension Technique Evaluation

Assessing the existing extension services' effectiveness in helping women benefit from advancements in agricultural technology and techniques.

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Overhaul Extension Services

Calling for a complete change in the current methods of agriculture extension, typically male-dominated, to be more helpful to women.

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Women's Role in Aquaculture

Women play a significant, often unrecognized role in aquaculture, managing ponds, repaying loans, and involved in activities like marketing and processing, despite often lacking access to technology transfer.

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Limited Women's Access

Women are underrepresented in aquaculture training programs and extension services, with only about 10-15% being trainers or trainees and even fewer in extension.

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Need for Women Extension Agents

Training and employing women in a mobile training program and extending training programs is crucial.

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Male Extension Worker Awareness

Male extension workers need to be more aware of women's significant roles and importance in reaching women farmers.

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Women's Technology Transfer

Effective transfer of aquaculture technology depends heavily on reaching women farmers.

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Men-Women Teams

Team approaches involving both male and female extension agents are more effective in reaching women.

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Public Awareness

Publicizing women's contributions in aquaculture through research, publications, and media is important.

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Improved Outreach Strategy

Methods are needed to help connect with and support women farmers that are focused on and designed for women farmers.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • Technology is derived from the Greek word "techne," meaning art or craft, and "logia," meaning area of study.
  • A technology is a design for instrumental action, reducing uncertainty in cause-effect relationships.
  • A technology has two components: hardware (physical objects) and software (information base).
  • A technology is a body of knowledge applicable in productive processes.
  • Technology needs to be economically viable, suitable, and conform to farmer's socio-economic attributes.
  • Three conditions for technology suitability are resource, needs, and goal appropriateness.
  • Technology characteristics include: science or scientific know-how, systematic knowledge, practical utility, and production potentiality.
  • Technological development is the research and development process of technology.
  • Technology development processes include innovation, imitation, competition, and standardization.

Transfer of Technology

  • Technologies are generated for use in specific fields, involving technology transfer (ToT).
  • ToT is crucial for improving farming productivity.
  • Technology transfer is defined as the diffusion of science and technology through human activity.
  • ToT involves translating research into farming practice, including trial, evaluation, and adoption.
  • Key components of technology transfer are science, dissemination, application, adoption, and improved production.
  • Technologies should be appropriate to the needs and capabilities of the society using them.
  • Farm technologies need to be location-specific due to diverse socio-economic and environmental conditions.
  • Four systems of technology transfer in farming are: technology generating system, technology diffusion system, technology practicing system, and support systems. Effective functioning of these systems enables the diffusion of farm technology.

Models of Transfer of Technology

  • Top-down (Conventional) Model: Farmers are passive recipients of technology. Limited farmer feedback.
  • Feedback (Interactive) Model: Researchers/extension workers consider farmer needs and problems. Closer interaction between research and extension systems.
  • Farmer-back-to-farmer (Participatory) Model: Farmers are active participants. Research begins and ends with the farmer.

Diffusion of Technology

  • Diffusion is the process of communicating an innovation through channels over time among members of a social system.
  • Diffusion involves innovation, communication channels, time, and social system.
  • Innovation is a new idea, practice, or object perceived as new.
  • Communication channels include interpersonal, mass media, localite, and cosmopolite channels.
  • Time in diffusion refers to the innovation-decision process, innovativeness of individuals, and adoption rate in a social system.
  • A social system is a set of interrelated units working together to achieve a common goal.

Extension Program Planning

  • Program planning is a procedure of working with people to identify unsatisfactory situations, develop solutions, and set objectives.
  • Program planning involves continuous series of activities to accomplish particular objectives, decision making, critical analysis of the existing situation, evaluation of alternatives, and selection of relevant alternatives.
  • Important technical terms include situation, aim, objectives, goal, problem, solution, and project for the program.
  • A useful plan should analyze the past, present, and future needs of people.
  • Principles for effective planning include clear priorities, resource assessment, agreement amongst stakeholders, and local involvement in planning.

Characteristics of a Good Program

  • A good program clearly states the current situation and relevant problems.
  • It specifies meaningful objectives.
  • Subject matters are defined and program summary is provided for all involved.
  • It serves as a basis for annual program of work.
  • Local communities should have a part in the program planning and implementation.

Participation in Planning

  • Participatory planning involves collaborative actions of local people and staff for effective development plans and alternative selection.
  • There are two types of participation: passive (awareness creation) and interactive (joint analysis and action planning).
  • Tools for participatory planning include identification of needs, knowledge sharing, and local involvement.

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

  • RRA uses a multidisciplinary team to address problems.
  • PRA (also PLA) emerged from RRA, focusing on local knowledge. Both approaches are efficient.

Constraints for Women in Training and Extension

  • Traditional biases against women in extension/training, which can limit access to resources.
  • Socio-economic constraints that may prevent women from leaving homes for training.
  • Cultural considerations, like traditions or social expectations regarding interaction with men, may affect women's participation.
  • Time constraints, as women often have household responsibilities, limiting their ability to attend extended training programs.

Recommendations

  • Programs should be more accessible to women, with periodic reviews.
  • Increase use of female trainers in further training.
  • Integrate training in technology with literacy and numeracy, considering the specific role of women in aquaculture.
  • Focus on income generation for women involved in aquaculture.
  • Evaluate current extension programs to improve their effectiveness in disseminating knowledge to women.

Role of Women in Decision-Making

  • Women's participation in various activities in fishing and aquaculture, from vessel selection to post-harvest operations, is categorized.
  • Levels of involvement in these decisions are presented (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%).

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of technology, including its definition, components, and characteristics. It also explores the importance of technology transfer and the conditions for its suitability in various contexts. Test your understanding of these essential principles!

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