Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main assumption of the farmer-participatory model in research?
Which of the following is NOT an element of diffusion?
How is the relative advantage of an innovation generally measured?
What does compatibility refer to in the context of innovation?
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What is the expected impact of complexity on the rate of adoption of an innovation?
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Which of the following innovations is noted as an example in the provided content?
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What aspect of innovation does the term 'perceived newness' refer to?
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What role do social scientists play in the research process described?
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What criteria were used to select women trainees for the program?
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What was one outcome of the project in terms of financial support for women?
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How many women professionals were part of the FAO project staff in Côte d'Ivoire?
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What is the primary purpose of the plan of work in a program?
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Which position is NOT listed as being held by women in this context?
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Which function is NOT typically performed by extension functionaries?
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What percentage of the total project staff were women in Jamaica?
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Why is evaluation important in program implementation?
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What should be included in the reconsideration and revision of a program?
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Despite having trained women participants, what percentage of fish farmers were women?
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What support did link workers provide to individual women?
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What characteristic is essential for a good program's statement of objectives?
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How should the calendar of work be prepared in relation to the plan of work?
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What impact did recent budget cuts have on the project?
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What type of feedback is important during program implementation?
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What is one result of a successful evaluation process?
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What is a common perception that hinders women's access to aquaculture resources?
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What cultural practice may prevent women from interacting with men in certain regions?
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Why is time a crucial issue for women involved in aquaculture training?
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What is a major barrier that women face in accessing formal training programs?
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What might women have to do in order to justify their time spent away from household activities?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason women may not participate in aquaculture extension work?
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What characteristic of extension agents can limit effective training in aquaculture?
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Which factor might discourage women from pursuing extension work in aquaculture?
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What type of data should be gathered to evaluate the participation of women in fellowship programs?
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What is a crucial component to include in training programs for women in aquaculture?
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Why is it important to utilize more women trainers in ongoing training programs?
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What aspect of current extension services needs immediate attention?
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What consideration is vital for the success of training programs for women?
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What is a key recommendation for extension services aimed at fish farming?
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What potential benefit could arise from enabling women to participate in refresher courses?
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Which method is considered extremely valuable for training programs in aquaculture?
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What percentage of trainers and trainees in aquaculture are women?
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Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to improve outreach to women in agriculture?
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What is the current societal perception of women's roles in aquaculture?
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What critical factor impacts the effectiveness of technology transfer in aquaculture?
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What is suggested as an important strategy for improving contacts between male extension agents and women?
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Which of the following methods is recommended to publicize women's work in aquaculture?
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What is one of the roles women typically play in aquaculture, despite their lack of recognition?
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Why is it important to increase the number of women in training programs and extension services?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Technology is derived from the Greek word "techne," meaning art or craft, and "logia," meaning area of study.
- A technology is a design for instrumental action, reducing uncertainty in cause-effect relationships.
- A technology has two components: hardware (physical objects) and software (information base).
- A technology is a body of knowledge applicable in productive processes.
- Technology needs to be economically viable, suitable, and conform to farmer's socio-economic attributes.
- Three conditions for technology suitability are resource, needs, and goal appropriateness.
- Technology characteristics include: science or scientific know-how, systematic knowledge, practical utility, and production potentiality.
- Technological development is the research and development process of technology.
- Technology development processes include innovation, imitation, competition, and standardization.
Transfer of Technology
- Technologies are generated for use in specific fields, involving technology transfer (ToT).
- ToT is crucial for improving farming productivity.
- Technology transfer is defined as the diffusion of science and technology through human activity.
- ToT involves translating research into farming practice, including trial, evaluation, and adoption.
- Key components of technology transfer are science, dissemination, application, adoption, and improved production.
- Technologies should be appropriate to the needs and capabilities of the society using them.
- Farm technologies need to be location-specific due to diverse socio-economic and environmental conditions.
- Four systems of technology transfer in farming are: technology generating system, technology diffusion system, technology practicing system, and support systems. Effective functioning of these systems enables the diffusion of farm technology.
Models of Transfer of Technology
- Top-down (Conventional) Model: Farmers are passive recipients of technology. Limited farmer feedback.
- Feedback (Interactive) Model: Researchers/extension workers consider farmer needs and problems. Closer interaction between research and extension systems.
- Farmer-back-to-farmer (Participatory) Model: Farmers are active participants. Research begins and ends with the farmer.
Diffusion of Technology
- Diffusion is the process of communicating an innovation through channels over time among members of a social system.
- Diffusion involves innovation, communication channels, time, and social system.
- Innovation is a new idea, practice, or object perceived as new.
- Communication channels include interpersonal, mass media, localite, and cosmopolite channels.
- Time in diffusion refers to the innovation-decision process, innovativeness of individuals, and adoption rate in a social system.
- A social system is a set of interrelated units working together to achieve a common goal.
Extension Program Planning
- Program planning is a procedure of working with people to identify unsatisfactory situations, develop solutions, and set objectives.
- Program planning involves continuous series of activities to accomplish particular objectives, decision making, critical analysis of the existing situation, evaluation of alternatives, and selection of relevant alternatives.
- Important technical terms include situation, aim, objectives, goal, problem, solution, and project for the program.
- A useful plan should analyze the past, present, and future needs of people.
- Principles for effective planning include clear priorities, resource assessment, agreement amongst stakeholders, and local involvement in planning.
Characteristics of a Good Program
- A good program clearly states the current situation and relevant problems.
- It specifies meaningful objectives.
- Subject matters are defined and program summary is provided for all involved.
- It serves as a basis for annual program of work.
- Local communities should have a part in the program planning and implementation.
Participation in Planning
- Participatory planning involves collaborative actions of local people and staff for effective development plans and alternative selection.
- There are two types of participation: passive (awareness creation) and interactive (joint analysis and action planning).
- Tools for participatory planning include identification of needs, knowledge sharing, and local involvement.
Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
- RRA uses a multidisciplinary team to address problems.
- PRA (also PLA) emerged from RRA, focusing on local knowledge. Both approaches are efficient.
Constraints for Women in Training and Extension
- Traditional biases against women in extension/training, which can limit access to resources.
- Socio-economic constraints that may prevent women from leaving homes for training.
- Cultural considerations, like traditions or social expectations regarding interaction with men, may affect women's participation.
- Time constraints, as women often have household responsibilities, limiting their ability to attend extended training programs.
Recommendations
- Programs should be more accessible to women, with periodic reviews.
- Increase use of female trainers in further training.
- Integrate training in technology with literacy and numeracy, considering the specific role of women in aquaculture.
- Focus on income generation for women involved in aquaculture.
- Evaluate current extension programs to improve their effectiveness in disseminating knowledge to women.
Role of Women in Decision-Making
- Women's participation in various activities in fishing and aquaculture, from vessel selection to post-harvest operations, is categorized.
- Levels of involvement in these decisions are presented (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%).
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of technology, including its definition, components, and characteristics. It also explores the importance of technology transfer and the conditions for its suitability in various contexts. Test your understanding of these essential principles!