Introduction to Technology

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Questions and Answers

The term 'technology' is derived from the Greek words 'technē' and 'logos.' What did these words originally signify?

  • Science and industry
  • Machines and tools
  • Art, craft, and discourse (correct)
  • Invention and innovation

According to the content, technology is solely a product of modern science and has always been a rational activity.

False (B)

Name three social factors that influence the success and adoption of a technological innovation.

Social need, social resources, and a sympathetic social ethos

The migration of ______ has been a significant mode of transmission for new technologies throughout history.

<p>craftsmen</p>
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Match the following factors with their roles in technological innovation:

<p>Social Need = Drives resource allocation toward solving specific problems. Social Resources = Provides the capital, materials, and skills necessary for realization. Sympathetic Social Ethos = Creates an environment receptive to new ideas and experimentation.</p>
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as a crucial social resource for technological innovation?

<p>Government regulations (B)</p>
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The history of technology shows a linear progression where each society inevitably advances to more sophisticated techniques.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Besides documentary matter, what other primary source is essential for understanding the history of technology, especially for early civilizations?

<p>Archaeological evidence</p>
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The content suggests that awareness of the interaction between technological innovation and ______ is important in surveying technological development through civilizations.

<p>Sociocultural conditions</p>
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Which of the following best describes the role of military needs in the history of technology?

<p>Military needs have provided a constant stimulus to technological innovation. (A)</p>
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According to the content provided, technology primarily addresses only survival and wealth production.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is one reason given why many of Leonardo da Vinci's inventions did not progress beyond the concept stage?

<p>Insufficient capital and materials (A)</p>
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Explain how trade in artifacts has encouraged the spread of technology.

<p>Trade in artifacts ensures widespread distribution, which encourages imitation and further innovation.</p>
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The Greeks defined technology as a combination of the words 'techne' and 'logos,' which meant a ______ on the arts.

<p>discourse</p>
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According to the content, advertising has never been a source of social needs that drive technological innovation.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Match the following terms with their descriptions according to the content regarding technology:

<p>Technē = Greek term meaning 'art, craft'. Logos = Greek term meaning 'word, speech'. Technology = Initially a discussion of applied arts, later encompassing means to manipulate the environment.</p>
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What is identified as a characteristic unique to humans (compared to other species) regarding technology?

<p>The capacity for systematic and creative thought about techniques. (B)</p>
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How did the printing press and ease of travel influence the transmission of technological innovations?

<p>They improved the mechanics of transmission by spreading ideas and enabling travelers to carry innovations back to their own homes.</p>
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The history of technology encompasses the whole ______ of humankind.

<p>evolution</p>
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The content suggests that irrationality plays no role in modern society's technological dilemmas.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Flashcards

Technology

Systematic techniques developed over time for making and doing things.

Social Need

A social requirement that encourages the allocation of resources towards technological innovation.

Social Resources

The availability of capital, materials and skilled personnel.

Sympathetic Social Ethos

An environment where dominant social groups are open to new ideas and innovations.

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Rationality of Technology

The application of reason to techniques.

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Cumulative Technology

The acquisition of techniques is a cumulative matter, in which each generation inherits a stock of techniques on which it can build.

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Transmission of Technological Innovations

The movement of artifacts and craftsmen.

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Animal Artifacts

They build elaborate hives to deposit their honey, birds make nests, and beavers build dams.

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Technology Usage

Using rational faculties to devise techniques and modify the environment.

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Study Notes

  • Technology is the systematic development of techniques for making and doing things.
  • Technology combines the Greek words "techne" (art, craft) and "logos" (word, speech).
  • Originally, technology referred to discussions of applied arts, but now includes tools, machines, processes, and ideas.
  • Technology is activity by which humans change or manipulate their environment.
  • It's becoming harder to distinguish between scientific inquiry and technological activity.
  • The history of technology is traced chronologically.
  • The focus is primarily on Western technological development, with Eastern technology considered in relation to modern advancements.
  • The study of each chronological phase includes social conditions, dominant materials, power sources, and their application in various fields.
  • Fields of application include food production, manufacturing, construction, transport, communications, military and medical technology.
  • Considers the sociocultural consequences of technological change in each period.
  • The development of tools is related to the study of materials.
  • Techniques are methods of creating new tools and products.
  • Constructing tools is a key characteristic of humanlike species.
  • Humans innovate and modify their environment unlike other species with instinctive behaviors.
  • Humans are technologists due to their toolmaking abilities.
  • Using rational faculties to devise techniques allows mankind to solve problems.
  • The technique of language involves the manipulation of sounds and symbols.
  • The techniques of artistic and ritual creativity represent other aspects of technological incentive.
  • There is a profound interaction between technological innovation and the sociocultural conditions of the human group within which they occur.
  • Three critical social factors for successful technological innovation include: social need, social resources, and a sympathetic social ethos.
  • A perceived social need drives the dedication of resources to technological innovation.
  • Military needs have historically been a significant stimulus for technological innovation.
  • In modern societies, advertising generates needs.
  • Social resources, like capital, materials, and skilled personnel, are essential for realizing innovations.
  • A supportive social ethos implies an environment receptive to new ideas and innovation.
  • Encouragement from socially relevant groups is crucial for inventors and their ideas.
  • Technology involves the application of reason to techniques.
  • Technology is much older than science.
  • Techniques have historically become stagnant or diverted into para-rational activities.
  • Some techniques became mysteries requiring initiation and rote copying.
  • The modern philosophy of progress cannot be applied to the history of technology, as technology has often been stagnant or irrational.
  • The acquisition of techniques is cumulative, with each generation building on the knowledge of the past.
  • The history of technology highlights moments of innovation that demonstrate this cumulative quality.
  • Societies have remained stagnant or regressed, losing accumulated techniques.
  • The transmission of technological innovations occurs through various means.
  • Simultaneous or parallel invention happens when there's insufficient evidence of direct transmission.
  • The printing press and increased travel have improved the mechanics of transmission.
  • Trade in artifacts has led to widespread distribution and encouraged copying.
  • The migration of craftsmen promotes the spread of new technologies.
  • The study of the history of technology relies on documentary and archaeological evidence.
  • Industrial archaeology provides valuable material for understanding industrialization.
  • Historians of technology use various sources and specialist skills.

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