Introduction to Surveying

A survey that considers the Earth as a flat surface. It disregards the Earth's curvature, making calculations simpler. It's suitable for smaller areas where the Earth's curvature is insignificant.

A survey that accounts for the Earth's spherical shape, employing advanced calculations. Its focus is on large-scale areas where the Earth's curvature cannot be ignored.

Surveys performed to establish and define property boundaries, corners, and areas. They are crucial for legal and administrative purposes.

The science and art of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the Earth's surface.

Surveys that are closed, meaning they have a starting point and ending point that coincide, forming a closed loop.

The art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth's surface by measuring distances, directions, and elevations.

Surveying has been essential for establishing boundaries and dividing land since ancient times.

Surveying is used in many different fields, from construction to forestry to space exploration.

Surveys conducted to plan urban expansions, locate property boundaries, and determine land features for mapping.

Surveys conducted at construction sites to provide data about grades, reference lines, dimensions, and structures for engineers and builders.

The main objective of surveying is to determine the accurate location and boundaries of features on the earth’s surface.

Surveying helps ensure that structures, roads, and infrastructure are built correctly and safely.

Surveys focused on managing and conserving forests, measuring trees, and mapping forest lands.

Surveying involves measuring horizontal and vertical distances between points and determining angles between lines.

Surveys of bodies of water like rivers, lakes, and oceans to map shorelines, chart underwater features, and measure water flow.

Surveying techniques are employed to create accurate maps, plans, and models of the earth's surface.

Surveys using surveying techniques for precise dimensional layouts in industries like shipbuilding, aircraft assembly, and heavy machinery installation.

Surveys conducted to determine the location of mine excavations, fix mining claim boundaries, and establish lines for mining operations.

Surveying relies on applied mathematics to determine areas, boundaries, and surface contours.

Surveys using aerial or ground photographs to create maps and models of the Earth's surface.

Surveys conducted to determine alignment grades, earthwork quantities, and locations of features for planning and constructing linear projects like highways, railroads, and pipelines.

Errors caused by external factors like temperature changes affecting measuring tools or atmospheric conditions affecting measurements.

Errors that occur due to limitations of human senses and judgment during surveying tasks.

How close a measured value is to the true or actual value of the quantity being measured.

The level of refinement and consistency in repeated measurements of the same quantity.

Errors that can vary in size and direction, making them unpredictable.

The most probable value of a measured quantity is obtained by averaging an infinite number of observations, assuming random errors are equally likely positive or negative.

Errors that are constant in magnitude and direction.

Errors that are not uniform and vary throughout the measurement process.

The difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.

Inaccurate measurements caused by carelessness, inattention, poor judgment, or improper execution during surveying.

Errors that are random and unpredictable, caused by factors beyond the surveyor's control.

Errors caused by imperfections in the instruments used for surveying.

Errors arising from variations in natural phenomena like magnetic declination, temperature, or wind.

The angle between true north and magnetic north, which varies over time and location.

The bending of light rays as they pass through different densities, affecting measurements, especially over long distances.

The most probable value (mpv) of a set of repeated measurements, made under similar conditions, is the average, or the arithmetic mean. In other words, it's the value that has the highest probability of being correct according to the available data.

The difference between a measured value of a quantity and its most probable value (mpv). It's another term for deviation.

The measure of uncertainty of a measurement. It defines a range around the mpv where there's a 50% chance that the true value of the quantity lies. There are two types: Probable error of a single measurement, and Probable error of the mean.

The ratio of the probable error to the magnitude of the measured quantity. Often expressed as a fraction or in the form '1:n' (e.g., 1:2355).

The formula used to calculate the most probable value (mpv) of a set of measurements. You sum up all the individual values and divide by the total number of measurements.

The formula used to calculate the probable error of a single observation in a series or measurements. It involves the summation of squares of the residuals, divided by the number of observations minus one.

The formula used to calculate the probable error of the mean (mpv) of a series or measurements. Similar to calculating the probable error of a single measurement, but includes an additional factor for the number of observations.

The process of determining the most probable value (mpv) of a set of related measurements, where the sum should equate to a known exact quantity. This involves adjusting the observed values by an equal proportion of the total error.