Introduction to Surveying

<p>Error in reading a rod that is not perpendicular to the line of sight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify and compensate for errors as much as possible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accurate measurements are always precise, but precise measurements are not always accurate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accurate measurements ensure the results are close to the true value, while precise measurements ensure the results are consistent and reliable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The average of all observations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has been essential since ancient times for dividing and marking land boundaries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delineating a portion of Earth's surface or establishing object positions upon it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distance, direction, and elevation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The one that states it is an art of making measurements of the relative positions of points that are then drawn to scale. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing economic market trends. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring angles between lines and establishing points using angular and linear measurements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The art of accurately delineating features on paper and determining areas, lengths, and boundary line directions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the relative positions of points on Earth, and then measure the lengths/angles between them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Planning expansions or improvements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Construction Surveys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Submerged terrestrial features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forestry Surveys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accurate dimensional layouts in complex industries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface boundaries of mining claims (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining alignment and grades for infrastructure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The elevation and shape of natural and artificial features on land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plane and Geodetic Surveying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plane Surveying (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geodetic Surveying (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fixing property boundaries and areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Field measurement with a tape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geodetic Surveying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is considered straight at all points. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surveying can only be done on the earth's surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Errors occur beyond a surveyor's control, while mistakes arise from carelessness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systematic errors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature variations affecting measurements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They occur beyond the control of the surveyor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Errors that consistently bias the result in one direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A misaligned leveling rod (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorrect instrument setup (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A careless action resulting in a significant deviation from true values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arithmetic mean of the measurements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between a measured value and its mpv (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A certainty that the true value lies within a defined range (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PEs = ± 0.6745 √Σv2 / n-1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fraction of the error magnitude over the measured quantity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1/2355 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The summation of the squares of the residuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is observed values corrected by total error (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A survey that considers the Earth as a flat surface. It disregards the Earth's curvature, making calculations simpler. It's suitable for smaller areas where the Earth's curvature is insignificant.

A survey that accounts for the Earth's spherical shape, employing advanced calculations. Its focus is on large-scale areas where the Earth's curvature cannot be ignored.

Surveys performed to establish and define property boundaries, corners, and areas. They are crucial for legal and administrative purposes.

The science and art of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the Earth's surface.

Surveys that are closed, meaning they have a starting point and ending point that coincide, forming a closed loop.

The art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth's surface by measuring distances, directions, and elevations.

Surveying has been essential for establishing boundaries and dividing land since ancient times.

Surveying is used in many different fields, from construction to forestry to space exploration.

Surveys conducted to plan urban expansions, locate property boundaries, and determine land features for mapping.

Surveys conducted at construction sites to provide data about grades, reference lines, dimensions, and structures for engineers and builders.

The main objective of surveying is to determine the accurate location and boundaries of features on the earth’s surface.

Surveying helps ensure that structures, roads, and infrastructure are built correctly and safely.

Surveys focused on managing and conserving forests, measuring trees, and mapping forest lands.

Surveying involves measuring horizontal and vertical distances between points and determining angles between lines.

Surveys of bodies of water like rivers, lakes, and oceans to map shorelines, chart underwater features, and measure water flow.

Surveying techniques are employed to create accurate maps, plans, and models of the earth's surface.

Surveys using surveying techniques for precise dimensional layouts in industries like shipbuilding, aircraft assembly, and heavy machinery installation.

Surveys conducted to determine the location of mine excavations, fix mining claim boundaries, and establish lines for mining operations.

Surveying relies on applied mathematics to determine areas, boundaries, and surface contours.

Surveys using aerial or ground photographs to create maps and models of the Earth's surface.

Surveys conducted to determine alignment grades, earthwork quantities, and locations of features for planning and constructing linear projects like highways, railroads, and pipelines.

Errors caused by external factors like temperature changes affecting measuring tools or atmospheric conditions affecting measurements.

Errors that occur due to limitations of human senses and judgment during surveying tasks.

How close a measured value is to the true or actual value of the quantity being measured.

The level of refinement and consistency in repeated measurements of the same quantity.

Errors that can vary in size and direction, making them unpredictable.

The most probable value of a measured quantity is obtained by averaging an infinite number of observations, assuming random errors are equally likely positive or negative.

Errors that are constant in magnitude and direction.

Errors that are not uniform and vary throughout the measurement process.

The difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.

Inaccurate measurements caused by carelessness, inattention, poor judgment, or improper execution during surveying.

Errors that are random and unpredictable, caused by factors beyond the surveyor's control.

Errors caused by imperfections in the instruments used for surveying.

Errors arising from variations in natural phenomena like magnetic declination, temperature, or wind.

The angle between true north and magnetic north, which varies over time and location.

The bending of light rays as they pass through different densities, affecting measurements, especially over long distances.

The most probable value (mpv) of a set of repeated measurements, made under similar conditions, is the average, or the arithmetic mean. In other words, it's the value that has the highest probability of being correct according to the available data.

The difference between a measured value of a quantity and its most probable value (mpv). It's another term for deviation.

The measure of uncertainty of a measurement. It defines a range around the mpv where there's a 50% chance that the true value of the quantity lies. There are two types: Probable error of a single measurement, and Probable error of the mean.

The ratio of the probable error to the magnitude of the measured quantity. Often expressed as a fraction or in the form '1:n' (e.g., 1:2355).

The formula used to calculate the most probable value (mpv) of a set of measurements. You sum up all the individual values and divide by the total number of measurements.

The formula used to calculate the probable error of a single observation in a series or measurements. It involves the summation of squares of the residuals, divided by the number of observations minus one.

The formula used to calculate the probable error of the mean (mpv) of a series or measurements. Similar to calculating the probable error of a single measurement, but includes an additional factor for the number of observations.

The process of determining the most probable value (mpv) of a set of related measurements, where the sum should equate to a known exact quantity. This involves adjusting the observed values by an equal proportion of the total error.