Introduction to Structural Analysis & Design

Introduction to Structural Systems

• Organized frameworks designed to bear loads while ensuring stability and safety of buildings.
• Manage forces from building weight, occupants, and environmental factors (e.g., wind, earthquakes).

Key Characteristics of Load-Bearing Structures

• Strength: Ability to withstand applied loads without breaking or deforming; includes dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads.
• Stability: Ensures structure remains in equilibrium and does not tilt, sway, or collapse under various forces.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Balances performance and safety against material and labor costs for overall durability.

Role of Structural Systems in Architecture

• Aesthetics: Influences a building's appearance and visual impact.
• Functionality: Enables functional, adaptable spaces; steel frames facilitate open floor plans.
• Durability: Well-designed systems enhance longevity against environmental challenges.

Role of Structural Systems in Safety

• Load Distribution: Distributes loads across the structure to prevent localized failures.
• Earthquake Resistance: Utilizes design features like base isolators to withstand seismic forces.
• Fire Resistance: Designed to slow fire spread, allowing more time for evacuation and minimizing damage.

Building Structure Components

• Superstructure: Elements above ground, including walls, columns, beams, floors/slabs, and roofs.
• Substructure: Elements below ground, comprising the basement and foundation.

Basic Components of a Structure

• Columns: Vertical elements carrying compressive loads from upper parts to the foundation.
• Beams/Girders: Horizontal elements supporting loads from slabs/roofs and transferring them to columns.
• Walls: Vertical structures that enclose space; can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing.
• Slabs: Flat surfaces like floors/roofs that distribute loads.
• Truss: Frameworks of triangular units providing additional support, commonly used in roofs.

Design Considerations

• Site Conditions: Analyze soil characteristics, topography, and environmental impact.
• Site Constraints: Includes zoning laws, building codes, and natural hazards affecting development.

Load Considerations

• Dead Loads: Permanent, static loads from the structure itself.
• Live Loads: Dynamic loads that can change, like people and furniture.
• Environmental Loads: Includes wind pressure, snow, and seismic forces with specific design codes.

Material Selection Criteria

• Common Materials: Concrete, steel, timber, and masonry.
• Criteria: Based on strength, durability, cost, and environmental impact.

Serviceability Criteria

• Ensures the structure remains functional and comfortable during use; distinct from safety considerations.

Cost Estimation and Budgeting

• Essential for project planning, ensuring financial feasibility while meeting structural performance requirements.