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Questions and Answers
What was a consequence of remote-control reprogramming of the Voyagers during their mission?
What was a consequence of remote-control reprogramming of the Voyagers during their mission?
What is a critical factor in selecting a spacecraft for launch?
What is a critical factor in selecting a spacecraft for launch?
What sequence is typically followed in space system development?
What sequence is typically followed in space system development?
Which of the following ensures effective payload operations?
Which of the following ensures effective payload operations?
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What does the term 'payload data dissemination' relate to?
What does the term 'payload data dissemination' relate to?
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Mechanical and electrical integration during spacecraft launch can best be described as:
Mechanical and electrical integration during spacecraft launch can best be described as:
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What aspect is NOT relevant in the initial spacecraft design?
What aspect is NOT relevant in the initial spacecraft design?
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Which component is NOT typically included in spacecraft bus subsystems?
Which component is NOT typically included in spacecraft bus subsystems?
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What is the primary goal of design verification in the context of spacecraft development?
What is the primary goal of design verification in the context of spacecraft development?
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Which type of testing involves assessing the thermal resilience of a spacecraft?
Which type of testing involves assessing the thermal resilience of a spacecraft?
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During the launch flow, what is the purpose of establishing communications with all players?
During the launch flow, what is the purpose of establishing communications with all players?
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What does qualification testing primarily determine in the context of spacecraft?
What does qualification testing primarily determine in the context of spacecraft?
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What does the 'Pack and Ship' process entail during launch operations?
What does the 'Pack and Ship' process entail during launch operations?
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Which type of testing is designed to assess both static and dynamic responses of a spacecraft?
Which type of testing is designed to assess both static and dynamic responses of a spacecraft?
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What is one of the major aspects of systems engineering introduced in the spacecraft development process?
What is one of the major aspects of systems engineering introduced in the spacecraft development process?
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How is functional testing usually positioned within the overall testing strategy?
How is functional testing usually positioned within the overall testing strategy?
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What are the two main parts of a spacecraft?
What are the two main parts of a spacecraft?
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Which subsystem provides power to the spacecraft?
Which subsystem provides power to the spacecraft?
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What is the primary function of the Mission Payload in a spacecraft?
What is the primary function of the Mission Payload in a spacecraft?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the Spacecraft Bus subsystems?
Which of the following is NOT part of the Spacecraft Bus subsystems?
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What does the TDRSS provide in terms of communication services?
What does the TDRSS provide in terms of communication services?
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Which subsystem is associated with a spacecraft's thermal management?
Which subsystem is associated with a spacecraft's thermal management?
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What element is essential for spacecraft launch operations?
What element is essential for spacecraft launch operations?
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Which system provides telemetry, tracking, and command data for spacecraft?
Which system provides telemetry, tracking, and command data for spacecraft?
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What is the primary function of the Attitude Control System (ACS)?
What is the primary function of the Attitude Control System (ACS)?
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What is the significance of the mission trajectory in spacecraft design?
What is the significance of the mission trajectory in spacecraft design?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Space Technology
- Course: SN 209
- Instructor: Dr. Mohamed Elfarran
- Lecture 1: Introduction
What is a Space System?
- Ground Segment:
- Spaceflight Operations
- Payload Operations (can be separate)
- Payload Data Processing (e.g., Hubble)
- Space Segment:
- Spacecraft
- Supporting Craft (e.g., TDRSS, Progress)
- Launch Segment:
- Launch Vehicle Integration
- Launch Operations
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)
- A satellite system for tracking and data relay
- Multiple frequencies for communication
- Used to communicate with various spacecraft (e.g., Shuttle, KSA User, Hubble)
What Does a Spacecraft "Look" Like?
- Spacecraft "appearance" is often functional over form
- Physical constraints: Launch Vehicle, Payload Fairing, Power Loads, Vehicle Dynamics, Mission Trajectory, Pointing
- Examples of spacecraft components: Communications Antenna, Primary Mirror, Secondary Mirror, Telescope Pointing System, Solar Array, Aperture Door, Light Shield
Spacecraft Description
- Main Parts:
- Mission Payload: Subsystem for the actual mission (communications, remote sensing, etc.) Including hardware and software for data handling and telemetry/command. Can include secondary payloads.
- Spacecraft Bus: Hardware and software to support the mission payload, providing power, temperature control, structural support and guidance/navigation.
TDRSS 1-7 Specifications
- Dimensions: 45 feet wide/57 feet long
- Weight: 5000 pounds
- Design Lifetime: 10 years
- Power (EOL): 1800 watts
- Services: KU & S-Band services
- Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle
- Orbit: Geosynchronous
Spacecraft Bus Subsystems
- Electronic Power System (EPS)
- Position and Attitude Control:
- Attitude Control System (ACS)
- Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC)
- Propulsion ("Prop")
- Command and Data Handling (C&DH):
- Data Handling (Mission Data)
- Telemetry, Tracking, and Command System (TT&C)
- Thermal Control System (TCS)
- Structural Subsystem
UHF Follow-On
- Features: Ultra High Frequency (UHF) two-way communications, Super High Frequency (SHF) for anti-jam, command and tracking.
- Specifications:
- Weight: 2,600 pounds
- Orbital altitude: Geosynchronous orbit (22,250 miles)
- Power Plant: Two deployable solar array wings (approx. 2400 watts).
- Launch Vehicle: Atlas-Centaur space booster
- Mission Life: 14 years
Voyager 1 & 2
- Launched in 1977
- Initially designed to study Jupiter and Saturn, but later flew by Uranus and Neptune
- Mission extended - greater capabilities than initially planned
Ground Activities
- Spacecraft Flight Operations
- Payload Operations
- Payload Data Processing
- Payload Data Dissemination
Facilitated By:
- Real-Time Processing
- Payload Dissemination Infrastructure
- Powerful Payload Processing Facilities
- Mission Simulations
Launch
- Selection: Enough "throw weight," "cube" (volume), acceptable ride and good record.
- Integration: Launch loads, Mechanical/Electrical Integration, Understanding the Launch "flow" and count
Space System Development
- Mission Need (Why)
- Requirements Development (What)
- Derived Requirements (How): Mission orbit, Payload Types (communications, remote sensing, data relay), Spacecraft Design, Ground Facilities and Locations, Computers/Software, Personnel/Training, Launch Segments
- Note: The requirements generation process is iterative and involves compromises.
Spacecraft Development Process
- Waterfall (sequential)
- Spiral (iterative)
- Basic Sequence: Conceptual design, Detailed design, Develop detailed engineering models, Start production, Field system, Maintain until decommissioned, DoD mandates integrated, iterative product development process
Serial (Waterfall) Development
- Traditional process, follows a logical sequence from requirements analysis to operations
- Only way to develop very large scale systems (e.g., weapons, aircraft, spacecraft)
- Disadvantage: Obsolescence of technology, lack of customer involvement/feedback, difficult to adjust design once program proceeds
Concurrent versus serial development
- Concurrent development and manufacturing aim to optimize time to market and development productivity.
- Incorporates customer needs into predictable targets and ensures the target is met.
- Use simulation-led analysis, problem-solving to design out problems, validate designs before prototyping.
- Product testing ahead and concurrent with development programs to understand and quantify product performance before production.
Spiral Development
- Iterative process
- Evaluate alternatives, identify and resolve risks, develop, verify, and validate at each stage.
- Builds a little bit, testing a little bit; until the full system is created and is fully verified.
Systems Engineering
- A logical process for system development, includes: functional and physical decomposition of the system into logical parts, development of system requirements (system analysis, requirements development, interface requirements, requirements validation, test & demonstration, simulation, physical/functional configuration audits, integration & test planning, (Cradle to Grave lifecycle planning), disposal of satellites at end of life.
Systems Engineering Verification
- Requirements Management, System Analysis, Architecture Modeling, High-level design, Detailed design, Module Build, Acceptance testing, Compliance testing, System testing, Integration testing, Subsystem testing, Unit testing.
Spacecraft Integration and Test
- Methodical process to test spacecraft at different levels.
- Sequence: Component/unit tests, Integrate components into subsystems, Subsystem tests, Integrate subsystems into spacecraft, Spacecraft level tests, Integrate spacecraft into system, System test.
System Integration and Test (Types)
- Functional testing (Do subsystems work together?), Fit check, Environmental testing (Thermal vacuum, shock, vibration, Combined functional and environmental), Integrated functional testing (Do all segments work together?), Payload/system characterization (Space environment alteration and testing in space).
- Hardware in the loop, Simulation
Summary
- Functions (Mechanical, Electrical/Electronic, Process)
- Starts at component level, continues at subsystem level, and concludes with entire system test.
Design Verification and Qualification Testing
- Design Verification: Validate design precepts, examine limitations, build and test.
- Qualification: Determine system suitability, provide tools to measure customer success, allow time for repairs to meet requirements, potentially involving warranty periods
Types of Design/Qual Tests
- Functional: Life testing (structural, thermal, illumination, power cycling, radiation exposure), Component to System Level
- Structural: Static Tests, Dynamic Tests
- Thermal: Thermal cycling, Thermal vacuum
Launch Flow
- Pack and Ship (Spacecraft & Launcher)
- Establish Launch Operations
- Admin and Work Spaces for Launch Team
- Test to Ensure No Damage During Shipping
- Perform Subsystem and Spacecraft Tests
- Establish Communications
- Rehearsal, data and voice networks , Spacecraft Support
Review
- Segments of space system: Ground, Space, Launch
- Major subsystems of typical spacecraft
- Concept of systems engineering
- Spacecraft Integration and Test
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of space systems in this introductory quiz for SN 209. The quiz covers essential components including ground, space, and launch segments, with a focus on the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) and spacecraft design. Test your knowledge of spacecraft operations and data processing.
