Introduction to Sociology
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Questions and Answers

What is sociology?

The study of society and social behavior.

What is a society?

A group of individuals sharing a culture.

Define 'culture'.

Shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group.

What is social behavior?

<p>Interactions among individuals within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sociological perspective?

<p>Viewing society through a sociological lens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'beginner's mind' in sociology?

<p>Approaching the world without preconceived notions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sociological imagination?

<p>Connecting personal troubles to public issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'personal troubles'.

<p>Individual problems affecting personal life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'public issues'.

<p>Societal problems affecting large groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is macro sociology?

<p>Study of large-scale social processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Industrial Revolution influence sociology?

<p>It spurred a period of major industrial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of cities lead to sociological development?

<p>Urbanization leading to sociological development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'dialectic'.

<p>Method of argument involving contradiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a social fact?

<p>Values and norms that shape social behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe Structural-Functionalist theory.

<p>Theory focusing on social structures and functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conflict theory?

<p>Focus on power struggles and inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Symbolic Interaction.

<p>Study of meanings and symbols in interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanical solidarity?

<p>Social cohesion based on shared activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is organic solidarity?

<p>Social cohesion based on interdependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'social structure'.

<p>Framework organizing society and relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are social functions?

<p>Consequences of social activities for society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a manifest function?

<p>Intended and recognized consequences of actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is qualitative research?

<p>Research focusing on non-numerical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the scientific method.

<p>Systematic observation and experimentation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positivist sociology?

<p>Approach focusing on observable social phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interpretive sociology?

<p>Approach emphasizing understanding social meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'variable'.

<p>Any characteristic that can change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is correlation?

<p>Relationship between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnography?

<p>In-depth study of people and cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural relativism?

<p>Understanding cultures on their own terms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnocentrism?

<p>Evaluating other cultures based on one's own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is material culture?

<p>Physical objects and artifacts of a culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is symbolic culture?

<p>Ideas and beliefs that shape a culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'cultural diversity'.

<p>Variety of cultural expressions within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a subculture?

<p>Group within a larger culture with distinct values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a counterculture?

<p>Cultural group opposing dominant societal norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'cultural change'.

<p>Transformation of cultural practices over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural diffusion?

<p>Spread of cultural beliefs and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural leveling?

<p>Reduction of cultural differences through globalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sociology

The study of human society and social interactions.

Society

A group of people who share a common culture and territory.

Culture

Shared values, beliefs, norms, and practices within a group.

Social behavior

Actions and reactions among individuals in a society.

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Sociological perspective

Analyzing society from a sociological viewpoint.

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Beginner's mind

Approaching the world with an open and unbiased mind.

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Sociological Imagination

Linking personal experiences to broader social forces.

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Personal troubles

Individual challenges or difficulties in a person's life.

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Public issues

Social problems that affect many people.

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Macro sociology

Examining society at a large scale, focusing on broad social structures.

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Micro sociology

Focusing on small-scale interactions and everyday behavior.

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Industrial revolution

A period of significant technological and economic advancement.

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Rise of Cities

The growth and expansion of urban areas.

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Dialectic

A method of philosophical argument involving some sort of contradiction.

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Social fact

Established manners of acting, thinking, and feeling.

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Structural-Functionalist

This theory views society as a system of interrelated parts.

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Conflict theory

Focuses on social inequalities and power struggles.

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Symbolic Interaction

Emphasizes the role of symbols and language in social life.

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Mechanical solidarity

Social unity from performing similar tasks.

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Organic solidarity

Interdependence based on specialized roles.

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Social structure

Underlying patterns that shape society.

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Social functions

The impact of social patterns on society.

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Manifest function

The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.

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Latent function

Unrecognised and unintended consequences of any social pattern.

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Qualitative research

Methods for collecting textual or visual data.

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Quantitative Research

A set of approaches using numerical data.

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Scientific method

A systematic way of gathering evidence about the world

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Positivist Sociology

Focuses on studying features that can be measured or observed.

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Interpretive Sociology

Understanding the meaning of social life.

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Variable

A characteristic that can change or vary.

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Study Notes

  • Sociology is the study of society and social behavior.
  • Society refers to a group of individuals who share a culture.
  • Culture is the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group.
  • Social behavior involves interactions among individuals within a society.
  • The sociological perspective involves viewing society through a sociological lens.
  • A beginner's mind means approaching the world without preconceived notions.
  • Sociological imagination is connecting personal troubles to public issues.
  • Personal troubles are individual problems affecting personal life.
  • Public issues are societal problems affecting large groups.
  • Macro sociology focuses on the study of large-scale social processes.
  • Micro sociology focuses on small-scale interactions.
  • The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrial growth influencing sociology.
  • The rise of cities, or urbanization, led to sociological development.
  • Dialectic is a method of argument involving contradiction.
  • Social facts are values and norms that shape social behavior.
  • Structural-Functionalism is a theory focusing on social structures and functions.

Theories

  • Conflict theory focuses on power struggles and inequality.
  • Symbolic interactionism studies meanings and symbols in interactions.
  • Mechanical solidarity describes social cohesion based on shared activities.
  • Organic solidarity is cohesion based on interdependence.
  • Social structure provides a framework organizing society and relationships.
  • Social functions are consequences of social activities for society.
  • Manifest functions are intended, recognized consequences of actions.
  • Latent functions are unintended and hidden consequences of actions.

Research

  • Qualitative research focuses on non-numerical data.
  • Quantitative research involves numerical data and statistics.
  • The scientific method is a process of systematic observation and experimentation.
  • Positivist sociology focuses on observable social phenomena.
  • Interpretive sociology emphasizes understanding social meanings.
  • A variable is any characteristic that can change.
  • Correlation is a relationship between two variables.
  • Causation refers to one event causing another event.
  • Ethnography is the in-depth study of people and cultures.
  • Cultural relativism means understanding cultures on their own terms.
  • Ethnocentrism involves evaluating other cultures based on one's own.

Culture

  • Material culture includes the physical objects and artifacts of a culture.
  • Symbolic culture includes the ideas and beliefs that shape a culture.
  • Cultural diversity involves a variety of cultural expressions within a society.
  • A subculture is a group within a larger culture with distinct values.
  • A counterculture is a cultural group opposing dominant societal norms.
  • Cultural change involves the transformation of cultural practices over time.
  • Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and practices.
  • Cultural leveling describes the reduction of cultural differences through globalization.
  • Cultural lag is the gap between cultural changes and societal norms.

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Description

Explore the basics of sociology: the study of society and social behavior. Understand sociological perspective, imagination, and research methods. Learn about macro and micro sociology, and the influence of the Industrial Revolution and urbanization.

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