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Questions and Answers
What is the standard unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI)?
What is the standard unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI)?
Which of the following defines the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299792485 second?
Which of the following defines the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299792485 second?
What is the term for the smallest particle of a compound?
What is the term for the smallest particle of a compound?
How many base SI units are there?
How many base SI units are there?
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What term describes the combining ability of an element?
What term describes the combining ability of an element?
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What does the ‘E’ represent in the equation E=mc^2?
What does the ‘E’ represent in the equation E=mc^2?
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Which of the following measures the number of waves that pass a given point in a specified time frame?
Which of the following measures the number of waves that pass a given point in a specified time frame?
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What happens to an element if the Z number of an atom is changed?
What happens to an element if the Z number of an atom is changed?
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What are high frequency x-rays that interact with matter and behave like particles rather than waves?
What are high frequency x-rays that interact with matter and behave like particles rather than waves?
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How many properties of x-rays did Roentgen identify?
How many properties of x-rays did Roentgen identify?
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Which type of radiographic equipment typically produces higher amounts of radiation?
Which type of radiographic equipment typically produces higher amounts of radiation?
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What is the most common type of tube support used in radiographic setups?
What is the most common type of tube support used in radiographic setups?
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What type of x-ray tube support allows for both longitudinal and transverse movement?
What type of x-ray tube support allows for both longitudinal and transverse movement?
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What is thermionic emission?
What is thermionic emission?
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What is the charge of the focusing cup in an x-ray tube?
What is the charge of the focusing cup in an x-ray tube?
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Which filament in a dual focus arrangement permits better resolution?
Which filament in a dual focus arrangement permits better resolution?
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What does off-focus radiation contribute to the total primary beam?
What does off-focus radiation contribute to the total primary beam?
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What does the anode primacy serve as?
What does the anode primacy serve as?
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What is the relationship between target angle and focal spot size?
What is the relationship between target angle and focal spot size?
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What type of interaction occurs when an incident electron interacts with the electrostatic field of a nucleus?
What type of interaction occurs when an incident electron interacts with the electrostatic field of a nucleus?
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What material is the rotor inside the x-ray tube mainly composed of?
What material is the rotor inside the x-ray tube mainly composed of?
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What is the purpose of a radiographic rating chart?
What is the purpose of a radiographic rating chart?
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What type of photon is produced in coherent scattering that maintains the same energy, frequency, and wavelength as the initial photon?
What type of photon is produced in coherent scattering that maintains the same energy, frequency, and wavelength as the initial photon?
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What is the term for the series of jumps that electrons undergo between shells during photoelectric absorption?
What is the term for the series of jumps that electrons undergo between shells during photoelectric absorption?
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What is the primary source of scatter in radiographic imaging?
What is the primary source of scatter in radiographic imaging?
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Which type of grid error occurs when the x-ray tube or grid is improperly positioned?
Which type of grid error occurs when the x-ray tube or grid is improperly positioned?
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Which beam restricting device is the most commonly used in radiography?
Which beam restricting device is the most commonly used in radiography?
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What defines the number of grid lines per inch or centimeter in radiography?
What defines the number of grid lines per inch or centimeter in radiography?
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What is the relationship between beam restriction and image receptor (IR) exposure?
What is the relationship between beam restriction and image receptor (IR) exposure?
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What type of distortion is associated with changes in source-to-image distance (SID) and object-to-image distance (OID)?
What type of distortion is associated with changes in source-to-image distance (SID) and object-to-image distance (OID)?
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In digital imaging systems, what is spatial frequency commonly referred to as?
In digital imaging systems, what is spatial frequency commonly referred to as?
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What does pixel pitch measure in a digital image?
What does pixel pitch measure in a digital image?
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What is the term for an 8-bit word in digital imaging?
What is the term for an 8-bit word in digital imaging?
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What is the primary function of an ancillary device in radiography?
What is the primary function of an ancillary device in radiography?
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What is characterized by many shades of grey in a radiographic image?
What is characterized by many shades of grey in a radiographic image?
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What is defined as the flat sheet of metal with a central cut opening attached to the x-ray tube port?
What is defined as the flat sheet of metal with a central cut opening attached to the x-ray tube port?
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What determines the range of signal in regions of interest?
What determines the range of signal in regions of interest?
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What is the process of correcting the scale of grey in an image that is either underexposed or overexposed?
What is the process of correcting the scale of grey in an image that is either underexposed or overexposed?
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What term describes the filtering process applied to enhance edges in an image?
What term describes the filtering process applied to enhance edges in an image?
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What type of image processing involves calculations applied to small groups of pixels?
What type of image processing involves calculations applied to small groups of pixels?
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What is the term used for the ability to effectively represent small energy values in a dataset?
What is the term used for the ability to effectively represent small energy values in a dataset?
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What is the effectiveness of converting data from the IR to the monitor referred to as?
What is the effectiveness of converting data from the IR to the monitor referred to as?
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What term is used for the process of shifting the focal point away from the anode in an intensification tube?
What term is used for the process of shifting the focal point away from the anode in an intensification tube?
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What type of filtering is often used to reduce high frequency noise in imaging?
What type of filtering is often used to reduce high frequency noise in imaging?
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What part of the intensification tube is positively charged and allows electrons to pass through?
What part of the intensification tube is positively charged and allows electrons to pass through?
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What aspect of tomography determines the thickness of the section being imaged?
What aspect of tomography determines the thickness of the section being imaged?
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What is commonly used to lower noise during fluoroscopy procedures?
What is commonly used to lower noise during fluoroscopy procedures?
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What is the term for images in tomography that do not correspond with existing anatomical structures?
What is the term for images in tomography that do not correspond with existing anatomical structures?
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In fluoroscopy, what is the maximum exposure rate permitted?
In fluoroscopy, what is the maximum exposure rate permitted?
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What type of interaction leaves a hole in the inner shell due to an incident electron's interaction with an inner shell electron?
What type of interaction leaves a hole in the inner shell due to an incident electron's interaction with an inner shell electron?
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At what kilovolt peak (kVp) value can characteristic interactions occur?
At what kilovolt peak (kVp) value can characteristic interactions occur?
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What is the process called by which high-energy particles produce ionization through direct atomic collisions?
What is the process called by which high-energy particles produce ionization through direct atomic collisions?
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What type of particulate particle can travel a maximum distance of 5 cm?
What type of particulate particle can travel a maximum distance of 5 cm?
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Which biological effect has no threshold and occurs randomly?
Which biological effect has no threshold and occurs randomly?
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What is the basic principle of radiation protection?
What is the basic principle of radiation protection?
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What term describes the quantity of radiation received by a patient?
What term describes the quantity of radiation received by a patient?
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Which group of radiation includes high-energy particles?
Which group of radiation includes high-energy particles?
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Which federal agency regulates radiopharmaceuticals and radiation safety requirements for x-ray equipment?
Which federal agency regulates radiopharmaceuticals and radiation safety requirements for x-ray equipment?
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What is the amount of filtration material that reduces the intensity of a beam to half its original value called?
What is the amount of filtration material that reduces the intensity of a beam to half its original value called?
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What happens to beam intensity if the distance is doubled?
What happens to beam intensity if the distance is doubled?
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What is the interaction between very low energy x-ray photons and matter called?
What is the interaction between very low energy x-ray photons and matter called?
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In photon interactions, high energy photons primarily interact with which component of the atom?
In photon interactions, high energy photons primarily interact with which component of the atom?
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Study Notes
SI Units
- Standard units of measurement are length, mass, and time
- Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms
- Length is the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299792485th of a second, measured in meters
- Time is measured in seconds, relating to vibrations of cesium
- SI units were adopted by the 11th General Conference of Weights and Measures.
- There are 7 base SI units.
Matter and Energy
- Matter is the substance of all physical objects, has shape, form, and occupies space.
- Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.
- Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object.
- Substances have definite and constant composition.
- Elements are substances that cannot be broken down.
- Compounds are substances that can be broken down.
- The smallest particle of an element is an atom.
- The smallest particle of a compound is a molecule.
- Einstein's theory of relativity states matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one to the other (E=mc²).
Atoms and Elements
- Z number is the number of protons in an atom, determining element classification.
- Changing the Z number changes the element.
- Changing the number of neutrons or electrons causes ionization, not a change in element, but can disrupt metabolic relationships.
- Atomic mass number is the total mass of protons and neutrons in an atom.
- Valence is an element's combining ability.
X-Ray Tube Components
- X-ray tubes (Coolidge tubes) are inefficient, producing 1% x-rays and 99% heat.
- Cathode is the negative side, containing the filament.
- Anode is the positive side, containing the target.
- Filament is composed of thoriated tungsten.
- Dual focus filaments allow for better resolution with small filaments and high heat with large filaments.
- A focussing cup surrounds the filament.
- Thermionic emission occurs when electrical energy heats the filament.
- Anodes are either stationary or rotating.
- Stationary anodes use tungsten alloy embedded in a copper anode.
- Rotating anodes use tungsten rhenium alloy for increased heat capacity (300x).
- Target is where electrons collide, causing x-ray production.
- Actual focal spot is the physical area hit by electrons.
- Effective focal spot is the projected area of the x-ray beam.
- Focal spot size and target angle influence effective focal spot size (inverse relationship).
- Stator is a bank of electromagnets.
- Rotor is made of ferromagnetic bars, connected to the anode by a molybdenum stem.
- Target interactions (bremsstrahlung and characteristic) occur close to the target surface (0.25 - 0.5 cm).
- Bremsstrahlung interactions are major component of x-ray production.
- Characteristic interactions involve inner shell electrons.
- Off-focus radiation is not produced at the focal spot.
Image Quality and Radiation Safety
- Filtration removes low-energy x-rays (inherent and added).
- Total Filtration is inherent + added filtration.
- mAs (milliampere-seconds) controls the quantity of x-rays.
- kVp (kilovoltage peak) controls the quality of x-rays.
- Distance and intensity are inversely related (inverse square law).
- Attenuation is the reduction of photons passing through matter.
- Photon interactions: Coherent (no change in initial photon, only direction), photoelectric (absorption), Compton (scattering).
- Beam restrictors (collimators, cones, cylinders) reduce scatter and the primary beam.
- Grids reduce scatter radiation, but can cause grid cutoff.
- Grid ratio is the height/distance of grid lines.
- Filtration and beam restriction are inversely related to exposure.
Image Receptor, Display, and Processing
- Visibility of detail involves image contrast and spatial resolution.
- Contrast is the difference in brightness between adjacent areas.
- Spatial resolution (or frequency) is the sharpness of detail.
- Quantum mottle is underexposure noise.
- Noise is expressed as signal-to-noise ratio.
- Magnification and distortion (elongation/foreshortening) are geometric distortions.
- Digital radiography uses direct and indirect conversion detectors.
Other Topics
- Radiation protection principles (ALARA, time, distance, shielding).
- Radiation sources (natural and man-made).
- Personnel monitoring devices, radiation protection standards, regulatory agencies.
- Biological effects (stochastic and deterministic).
- Image processing in digital imaging (point, local, geometric).
- Exposure index determines exposure to the image receptor (Digital).
Fluoroscopy and Tomography
- Fluoroscopy uses high image frame rates for the moving body.
- Tomography demonstrates coronal sections.
- Tomography uses synchronized movement of the tube and image receptor.
- Focal plane reveals the clearest structures.
- Section interval separates tomographic planes.
CR and DR
- CR uses phosphor plates in a cassette.
- DR uses flat panel detectors for direct or indirect electronic conversion.
- Image acquisition using PSP (phosphor storage plates) or Flat panel detectors .
Image Intensification
- Image intensification tubes (ITT) increase brightness gain.
- Input screen converts x-rays into light.
- Output screen converts electrons into light.
- Magnification gain is input diameter squared/ output diameter squared.
- Interrogation and extinction times affect fluoro speed.
- Image quality (spatial resolution, contrast) significantly influence the use of radiographic and fluoro imaging.
General Concepts
- Informatics relates to information processing.
- Platforms and specific medical applications such as Body Mass Index.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of the International System of Units (SI) and atomic structure. This quiz covers essential terms, definitions, and equations related to mass, light distance, and atomic properties. Perfect for students seeking a clear understanding of these scientific principles.
