Introduction to Science

Branches of Science:
- Natural Sciences: study of natural phenomena (biology, chemistry, physics)
- Formal Sciences: study of formal systems (mathematics, logic)
- Applied Sciences: application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes (medicine, engineering)
Scientific Method:
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experimentation
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
Key Concepts:
- Hypothesis testing
- Variables (independent, dependent, controlled)
- Data analysis and interpretation

Definition: application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
Branches of Technology:
- Information Technology (IT)
- Biotechnology
- Nanotechnology
- Renewable Energy Technology
Key Concepts:
- Algorithm design
- Programming languages (e.g. Python, Java)
- Data storage and retrieval
- Network communication protocols

Definition: application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, and systems
Branches of Engineering:
- Mechanical Engineering
- Electrical Engineering
- Civil Engineering
- Computer Engineering
Key Concepts:
- Problem-solving and design thinking
- Materials science
- System analysis and optimization
- Prototyping and testing

Branches of Mathematics:
- Arithmetic
- Algebra
- Geometry
- Calculus
Key Concepts:
- Numbers and operations (fractions, decimals, percentages)
- Algebraic expressions and equations
- Geometric shapes and measurements
- Functions and graphs
Mathematical Tools:
- Calculators
- Graphing software
- Statistical analysis software

Divided into three main branches:
- Natural Sciences: Investigates natural phenomena through fields like biology, chemistry, and physics.
- Formal Sciences: Focuses on abstract systems and includes disciplines such as mathematics and logic.
- Applied Sciences: Utilizes scientific principles in practical fields like medicine and engineering.
Scientific Method involves a systematic approach to investigation:
- Begins with observation to identify a problem or question.
- Proceeds to formulating a hypothesis.
- Conducts experimentation to test the hypothesis.
- Analyzes data collected from experiments.
- Draws conclusions based on the analysis.
Key concepts crucial to understanding science:
- Hypothesis Testing: A method for validating assumptions through experimentation.
- Variables: Categorized into independent (manipulated), dependent (measured), and controlled (kept constant) variables.
- Data Analysis and Interpretation: Essential for making sense of experimental results and drawing insights.

Defined as utilizing scientific knowledge for practical applications across various fields.
Major branches of technology include:
- Information Technology (IT): Involves hardware and software systems for data management.
- Biotechnology: Uses biological systems for product development and medical advancements.
- Nanotechnology: Manipulates matter on an atomic scale for innovative materials and devices.
- Renewable Energy Technology: Focuses on sustainable energy sources and systems.
Fundamental concepts in technology:
- Algorithm Design: Crafting step-by-step procedures for problem-solving and data processing.
- Programming Languages: Tools such as Python and Java enable software development and data manipulation.
- Data Storage and Retrieval: Techniques for managing and accessing stored information effectively.
- Network Communication Protocols: Standards that determine how devices communicate over networks.

Defined as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles for the design, construction, and maintenance of systems and structures.
Key branches of engineering:
- Mechanical Engineering: Focuses on the design and manufacturing of mechanical systems.
- Electrical Engineering: Concerns the study and application of electricity and electronics.
- Civil Engineering: Involves the design and construction of infrastructure such as bridges and buildings.
- Computer Engineering: Merges electrical engineering and computer science for hardware and software development.
Essential engineering concepts include:
- Problem-solving and Design Thinking: Approaches for innovative solutions and design methodologies.
- Materials Science: Study of material properties and their applications in engineering.
- System Analysis and Optimization: Techniques for improving system performance and efficiency.
- Prototyping and Testing: Essential processes for validating designs and functionalities.

Mathematics is organized into several branches:
- Arithmetic: The study of numbers and basic operations.
- Algebra: Focuses on symbols and the rules for manipulating them to solve equations.
- Geometry: Investigates shapes, sizes, and properties of space.
- Calculus: Concerns change and motion, through concepts of differentiation and integration.
Core mathematical concepts include:
- Numbers and Operations: Covers operations like fractions, decimals, and percentages.
- Algebraic Expressions and Equations: Involves manipulating symbols to solve for unknowns.
- Geometric Shapes and Measurements: Understanding properties and calculations related to shapes.
- Functions and Graphs: Analyzing relationships and visually representing data through graphs.
Common mathematical tools utilized in studies:
- Calculators: Devices for performing calculations quickly.
- Graphing Software: Tools for visualizing mathematical functions and data.
- Statistical Analysis Software: Programs used for analyzing and interpreting statistical data.

Studies the natural world, encompassing biology, chemistry, physics, and earth sciences.
Aims to cultivate critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills.
Key concepts include the scientific method, hypothesis testing, and data analysis along with interpretation.

Examines numbers, quantities, and shapes, enhancing problem-solving and logical reasoning skills.
Fields of study include algebra, geometry, calculus, and statistics.
Fundamental concepts involve number systems, algebraic equations, and geometric shapes and measurements.

Applies scientific and mathematical principles to devise innovative solutions.
Fosters problem-solving, critical thinking, and design capabilities.
Key areas include computer science, programming, and engineering design, focusing on algorithm design, data structures, and software development.

Utilizes scientific and mathematical principles to design, construct, and maintain systems and structures.
Promotes problem-solving, critical thinking, and design proficiency.
Encompasses various engineering fields such as mechanical, electrical, civil, and aerospace, with essential concepts in design principles, materials science, and system analysis and optimization.

Aims to enhance communication and writing skills specific to scientific and technical fields.
Equips individuals to effectively articulate complex ideas and research findings.
Key components include technical writing, scientific reporting, and effective presentation and communication skills.