Introduction to Science

Natural Sciences
- Focus on the physical world.
- Includes:
  - Physics
  - Chemistry
  - Biology
  - Earth Science
Formal Sciences
- Study of abstract concepts.
- Includes:
  - Mathematics
  - Logic
  - Statistics
Social Sciences
- Study of human behavior and societies.
- Includes:
  - Psychology
  - Sociology
  - Economics
  - Political Science
Applied Sciences
- Practical application of scientific knowledge.
- Includes:
  - Engineering
  - Medicine
  - Environmental Science

Science systematically studies the natural world, relying on observation, experimentation, and evidence.
The primary objective is to establish facts and formulate laws that explain natural phenomena.

Natural Sciences focus on the physical universe and include disciplines such as:
- Physics: Study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
- Chemistry: Study of substances, their properties, and reactions.
- Biology: Study of living organisms and life processes.
- Earth Science: Study of the Earth's structure, properties, and processes.
Formal Sciences investigate abstract concepts, with key disciplines including:
- Mathematics: Study of numbers, shapes, and patterns.
- Logic: Study of principles of valid reasoning.
- Statistics: Study of data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation.
Social Sciences examine human behavior and societies, encompassing:
- Psychology: Study of mind and behavior.
- Sociology: Study of social behavior and societies.
- Economics: Study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
- Political Science: Study of political systems, behavior, and structures.
Applied Sciences focus on practical applications of scientific knowledge, including:
- Engineering: Design and building of structures, systems, and processes.
- Medicine: Science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness.
- Environmental Science: Study of interactions between the environment and human activities.

Observation involves identifying a phenomenon that sparks curiosity.
Question formulation arises from observations and seeks to explore the phenomenon.
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation or prediction that can be tested.
Experimentation is the process of conducting tests to evaluate the hypothesis.
Analysis entails interpreting data and results obtained from experiments.
Conclusion draws insights and may lead to refining the initial hypothesis.

Enhances understanding of the universe and its mechanisms.
Drives technological advancements, leading to medical innovations and improved quality of life.
Informs policy-making and decision processes in various sectors.
Encourages critical thinking and a skeptical approach to information.

Theory: A comprehensive explanation backed by substantial evidence regarding aspects of the natural world.
Law: A statement that consistently describes observable phenomena under specific conditions.
Peer Review: A vital process where research is evaluated by experts for quality and validity before publication.
Replication: The act of repeating experiments to verify findings and ensure reliability.

Emphasizes integrity in research practices and the importance of ethical standards.
Ensures the safety and welfare of research participants.
Addresses potential environmental impacts resulting from scientific research and developments.

Growing importance of interdisciplinary research to address complex problems.
Increasing focus on sustainable practices to combat climate change and resource depletion.
Expansion of data science and artificial intelligence applications across various fields.
Heightened attention on global health issues, including pandemics, to improve public health responses.