Introduction to Science

Natural Sciences
- Study of the natural world (e.g., physics, chemistry, biology).
Social Sciences
- Study of human behavior and societies (e.g., psychology, sociology, economics).
Formal Sciences
- Study of abstract concepts (e.g., mathematics, logic, statistics).
Applied Sciences
- Practical application of scientific knowledge (e.g., engineering, medicine).

Observation: Gathering information and noticing phenomena.
Question: Formulating a question based on observations.
Hypothesis: Proposing an explanation or prediction.
Experimentation: Testing the hypothesis through controlled experiments.
Analysis: Evaluating data and results.
Conclusion: Summarizing findings and determining if the hypothesis is supported.
Communication: Sharing results with the scientific community.

Theory: Well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world.
Law: A statement describing a consistent relationship observed in nature.
Variable: Any factor that can change in an experiment (independent, dependent).
Control: A standard for comparison in an experiment.

Importance of integrity, transparency, and reproducibility in research.
Consideration of the impact of scientific research on society and the environment.

Science is a systematic enterprise focused on building and organizing knowledge.
Involves key activities such as observation, experimentation, and analysis.

Natural Sciences: Explore the natural world, including fields like physics, chemistry, and biology.
Social Sciences: Examine human behavior and societal structures through disciplines like psychology, sociology, and economics.
Formal Sciences: Deal with abstract concepts, emphasizing fields like mathematics, logic, and statistics.
Applied Sciences: Concentrate on the practical application of scientific knowledge in areas such as engineering and medicine.

Begins with Observation, which is gathering information about phenomena.
Involves formulating a Question based on these observations.
Proposes a Hypothesis as a potential explanation or prediction to be tested.
Engages in Experimentation, which entails testing the hypothesis via controlled experiments.
Conducts Analysis to evaluate the gathered data and results to draw conclusions.
Concludes by summarizing findings, determining if the hypothesis is supported or refuted.
Involves Communication of results to the broader scientific community.

Theory: A well-supported explanation of a specific aspect of the natural world, established through extensive research.
Law: A statement representing a consistent relationship observed in nature, based on empirical evidence.
Variable: A factor in an experiment that can change; categorized into independent and dependent variables.
Control: A standard used for comparison in experimental design to ensure reliable results.

Technology significantly enhances the capabilities for data collection, analysis, and experimentation.
Facilitates improved communication and collaboration among scientists across the globe.
Increases the precision and expands the scope of scientific research and discovery.

Emphasizes the importance of integrity, transparency, and reproducibility within scientific research.
Considers the societal and environmental impacts of scientific advancements and inquiries.

Encourages interdisciplinary research by integrating multiple scientific fields for comprehensive studies.
Prioritizes sustainability and environmental science to address global challenges.
Highlights a growing role for artificial intelligence and data science in advancing research methodologies.

Isaac Newton: Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, foundational for classical physics.
Charles Darwin: Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, revolutionizing biological sciences.
Marie Curie: Pioneered research in radioactivity, significantly advancing the field of nuclear physics and chemistry.
Albert Einstein: Formulated the theory of relativity, transforming modern physics concepts.

Science is a driving force behind technological progress and societal transformation.
Public understanding of scientific principles is essential for informed decision-making and active participation.
Science policy plays a crucial role in shaping research funding and directing scientific endeavors.