Introduction to Science

• Science uses a systematic and organized approach to understand the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis.
• It involves formulating testable hypotheses, collecting empirical evidence, and developing theories and models to explain phenomena.
• Science relies on evidence-based reasoning and strives for objectivity and logic, remaining open to revisions based on new evidence.

Branches of Science

• Natural Sciences study the physical and natural world.

  • Physics deals with matter, energy, motion, and forces.
  • Chemistry focuses on the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of substances.
  • Biology investigates living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution.
  • Earth Science encompasses the study of the Earth's structure, properties, processes, and evolution, including geology, meteorology, oceanography, and environmental science.
  • Astronomy studies celestial objects, space, and the physical universe.

• Social Sciences study human society and social relationships.

  • Sociology examines social behavior, institutions, and structures.
  • Psychology studies the mind and behavior.
  • Economics analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
  • Political Science focuses on the theory and practice of politics and government.
  • Anthropology explores human cultures, societies, and their development.

• Formal Sciences study formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science.

  • Mathematics involves the study of numbers, quantities, and space, either as abstract concepts or as applied to other disciplines.
  • Logic is concerned with the principles of valid reasoning and inference.
  • Statistics deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
  • Computer Science involves the study of computation and information processing, including hardware and software design.

Scientific Method

• Observation involves identifying a question or problem through observation.
• Hypothesis involves formulating a testable explanation or prediction.
• Experimentation involves designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis.
• Analysis involves analyzing data collected during experiments.
• Conclusion involves interpreting the results and drawing conclusions, which may support or refute the hypothesis.
• Communication involves sharing findings through publications and presentations.

Key Concepts in Science

• Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.
• Law: A descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions.
• Hypothesis: A testable statement about the relationship between variables.
• Variable: A factor that can change in an experiment.
• Control: A standard of comparison in an experiment.
• Data: Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations and experiments.

Measurement in Science

• Scientists use standardized units of measurement to ensure accuracy, consistency, and comparability in their experiments and observations.
• The International System of Units (SI), also known as the metric system, is the standard system of measurement used.
• Length: Meter (m)
• Mass: Kilogram (kg)
• Time: Second (s)
• Temperature: Kelvin (K)
• Electric Current: Ampere (A)
• Amount of Substance: Mole (mol)
• Luminous Intensity: Candela (cd)
• Volume: Measured in cubic meters (m3), but liters (L) are more commonly used (1 L = 0.001 m3)
• Area: Square meters (m2)

Technology and Science

• Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
• Scientific advancements often drive technological innovation, and technology can also advance scientific research.

Importance of Science

• Science enhances our understanding of the world and universe.
• It leads to technological advancements that improve quality of life.
• Science plays a critical role in solving global challenges, such as climate change, disease, and food security.
• Scientific literacy is essential for making informed decisions about important issues.