Introduction to Science and the Scientific Method

Study Notes

Introduction to Science

Science is a systematic process for building and organizing knowledge about the universe.
It uses testable explanations and predictions.
Science relies on empirical evidence (observations and experiments).
The scientific method provides a framework for scientific investigations.

The Scientific Method

Identify a question or problem. This often arises from observations or existing knowledge.
Form a hypothesis. This is a testable explanation for a phenomenon.
Design and conduct experiments. Careful planning and control of variables is crucial for gathering relevant data to test the hypothesis.
Analyze data. Determine if the data supports or refutes the hypothesis.
Draw conclusions. Interpret the results and communicate the findings.
Share findings. Publish the research for review and replication by others to improve scientific understanding.

Branches of Science

Natural Sciences study natural phenomena.
- Physics explores matter, energy, and their interactions.
- Chemistry investigates the composition, structure, and properties of matter.
- Biology studies living organisms and their interactions.
- Earth Science covers the Earth's physical structure, processes, and history.
Social Sciences examine human behavior and societies.
- Psychology investigates mental processes and behavior.
- Sociology studies social structures and interactions.
- Economics examines production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Key Concepts in Science

Observation involves carefully watching and recording phenomena.
Measurement quantifies observations using standardized units.
Experimentation tests hypotheses under controlled conditions.
Variables influence experimental outcomes. Independent variables are manipulated; dependent variables are measured.
Data are recorded observations and measurements.

Importance of Science

Science explains natural phenomena.
It leads to advancements in various fields like medicine, communication, and transportation (improving technology).
Science helps solve societal problems, including environmental issues.
Scientific inquiry promotes critical thinking and problem-solving.

Scientific Attitudes

Curiosity drives the desire to learn about the natural world.
Skepticism encourages questioning claims and demanding evidence.
Objectivity ensures impartiality and avoids bias in observations and interpretations.
Open-mindedness allows for revising ideas based on new evidence.
Perseverance involves continuing investigations despite obstacles.

Scientific Laws

Scientific Laws describe predictable patterns in nature.
They are concise summaries of numerous observations.
Scientific laws typically explain "what" happens but not "why".
Examples include Newton's laws of motion and laws of energy conservation.

Scientific Theories

Scientific theories are well-supported explanations of natural phenomena based on confirmed observations and experiments.
Theories are more comprehensive than laws, explaining "why" phenomena occur.
They are based on extensive evidence and can be modified or expanded as new information emerges.

Description

This quiz covers the basic principles of science as a systematic enterprise that organizes knowledge through the scientific method. Learn about hypothesis formation, experimentation, and the steps involved in scientific investigations. Test your understanding of key concepts that build the foundation of scientific inquiry.