Introduction to Science and Scientific Method

Introduction to Science and the Scientific Method

• Science is a way of thinking and a method for acquiring knowledge
• Science aims to understand the universe, from the subatomic to the cosmic realm
• Science progresses through the accumulation of knowledge across various disciplines like physics, biology, psychology, and astronomy
• The essence of science encompasses not just finding answers but also formulating questions to drive exploration and inquiry

Nullius in Verba

• Nullius in Verba, a motto of the Royal Society, translates to "on the word of no one"
• This represents a commitment to verifying statements through experimentation and appeals to facts
• It emphasizes critical thinking and a rejection of accepting authority without independent verification

Objectives of Science Study

• Articulate the methods and content of science
• Describe the objectives of basic and applied science
• Compare inductive and deductive reasoning
• Demonstrate and apply scientific attributes

Science as a Maxim

• "Nullius in Verba" means trusting scientists' words, relying on rational thinking, doubting authority figures (pastors or priests), and questioning everything.

Essence of Science

• Science is more than equations or facts; it's a way of thinking and a process to acquire knowledge
• Science explores the mysteries of the universe, from the atomic to the cosmos
• Science is a dynamic process that evolves with accumulating knowledge
• Science encompasses diverse disciplines, including physics, biology, psychology, and astronomy
• Science values asking questions just as much as pursuing answers

Chapter 1: The Essence of Science

• The Latin word "scientia" gives us the term "science," meaning knowledge
• The methodical understanding of the natural world, using observation, experimentation, hypothesis testing, and evidence-based conclusions, emerged during the Renaissance and Enlightenment
• Science's impact on society has grown significantly, propelled by technological advancements.

Chapter 2: The Nature of Science

• Science is a method of studying the natural world through observation, experimentation, and exploration
• Science involves: empirical (based on observation), objective (unbiased), non-dogmatic (not unquestionable), self-correcting(open to change), systematic(organized), and transparent (open to scrutiny) approaches

Transparent and Open to Critique

• Scientific knowledge is disseminated through peer review and publication where other scientists anonymously critique the work.
• This process ensures that only good science gets published by weeding out invalid methods or incorrect conclusions.

Attributes of Science

• Objective, self-correcting, non-dogmatic, critical, and transparent are attributes of scientific practice

1.2: The Process of Science

• Basic Science: Focuses on advancing knowledge, regardless of direct application (e.g., cell biology, genetics).
• Applied Science: Solves practical problems using scientific knowledge (e.g., medical technologies, agricultural advancements).

1.3: Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning

• Inductive Reasoning: Starts with specific observations, leading to generalizations about a broader concept.
• Deductive Reasoning: Starts with a broad generalization, leading to specific conclusions

Examples of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

• Inductive: Observing many swans to be white, and generalizing to say "all swans are white" .
• Deductive: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

The Scientific Method

• A structured approach to investigating the natural world, involving questioning, researching, constructing a hypothesis, testing it via experimentation, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

2.1 Steps of the Scientific Method

• Observe or ask a question
• Research the problem (e.g., gathering information, observing more closely)
• Develop a hypothesis (a testable prediction)
• Experimentation (testing the hypothesis)
• Analyze data and draw conclusions
• Communicate findings (e.g., publishing results, giving presentations).

Variables in Experiments

• Variables are factors that can change during an experiment
• Independent variable: Manipulated; the factor you change or test.
• Dependent variable: Measured; the factor affected by the independent variable.
• Controlled variables: Remain constant; factors that are kept the same in all parts of the experiment

Chapter 4: Current Challenges in Science and Society

• Climate Change: A significant challenge, caused by greenhouse gas emissions, leading to rising temperatures and environmental problems.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Rapidly advancing technology with potential benefits but also concerns about job displacement and weaponization
• Genetic Engineering: Modifying genes has potential to cure diseases and improve food production, but raises concerns about designer babies and the impact on the environment
• Inequality: Uneven distribution of scientific and technological benefits, affecting social equality
• Misinformation and Fake News: The spread of incorrect or misleading science information compromises public trust and decision-making.