Introduction to Science and Its Branches

Study Notes

Definition of Science

Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Branches of Science

Natural Sciences
- Focus on the physical world and its phenomena.
- Subdivided into:
  - Physics: Study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
  - Chemistry: Study of substances, their properties, and reactions.
  - Biology: Study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Formal Sciences
- Study of abstract concepts and systems.
- Includes:
  - Mathematics: Study of numbers, quantities, and shapes.
  - Logic: Study of reasoning and argumentation.
  - Statistics: Study of data analysis and interpretation.
Social Sciences
- Study of human behavior and societies.
- Includes:
  - Psychology: Study of mind and behavior.
  - Sociology: Study of social behavior and structures.
  - Economics: Study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

Scientific Method

Systematic approach to inquiry:
1. Observation: Gathering data about a phenomenon.
2. Question: Formulating questions based on observations.
3. Hypothesis: Proposing a testable explanation.
4. Experimentation: Conducting experiments to test hypotheses.
5. Analysis: Analyzing data collected during experiments.
6. Conclusion: Drawing conclusions and refining hypotheses if necessary.
7. Communication: Sharing results with the scientific community.

Key Concepts

Theory: Well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world.
Law: Statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some phenomenon of nature.
Variable: Any factor that can change in an experiment; includes independent, dependent, and controlled variables.
Peer Review: Evaluation of research by experts in the field to ensure validity and reliability.

Importance of Science

Expands knowledge and understanding of the universe.
Provides technological advancements and innovations.
Informs public policy and decision-making through evidence-based approaches.
Aids in addressing global challenges such as climate change, health crises, and resource management.

Definition of Science

Science builds and organizes knowledge through testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Branches of Science

Natural Sciences focus on the physical world and its phenomena.
- Physics studies matter, energy, and their interactions.
- Chemistry studies substances, their properties, and reactions.
- Biology studies living organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Formal Sciences study abstract concepts and systems.
- Mathematics studies numbers, quantities, and shapes.
- Logic studies reasoning and argumentation.
- Statistics studies data analysis and interpretation.
Social Sciences study human behavior and societies.
- Psychology studies the mind and behavior.
- Sociology studies social behavior and structures.
- Economics studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is a systematic approach to inquiry.
- Observation: Gathering data about a phenomenon.
- Question: Formulating questions based on observations.
- Hypothesis: Proposing a testable explanation.
- Experimentation: Conducting experiments to test hypotheses.
- Analysis: Analyzing data collected during experiments.
- Conclusion: Drawing conclusions and refining hypotheses if necessary.
- Communication: Sharing results with the scientific community.

Key Concepts

Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on evidence.
Law: A statement based on repeated experimental observations describing a phenomenon of nature.
Variable: Any factor that can change in an experiment.
- Independent variables are manipulated by the researcher.
- Dependent variables are measured in response to changes in the independent variable.
- Controlled variables are kept constant throughout the experiment.
Peer Review: Evaluation of research by experts in the field to ensure validity and reliability.

Importance of Science

Science expands knowledge and understanding of the universe.
Science provides technological advancements and innovations.
Science informs public policy and decision-making through evidence-based approaches.
Science aids in addressing global challenges such as climate change, health crises, and resource management.

Description

Explore the systematic organization of knowledge that defines science, including its major branches: natural sciences, formal sciences, and social sciences. This quiz will challenge your understanding of various scientific disciplines like physics, chemistry, and biology, as well as formal studies like mathematics and statistics. Dive into the foundations of science and test your knowledge!