Introduction to Science and its Branches

Science Overview

• Science is a systematic discipline that organizes knowledge through testable hypotheses and predictions.
• Major branches include natural sciences (physics, chemistry, biology) studying the physical world, and behavioural sciences (economics, psychology, sociology) focused on individuals and societies.
• Formal sciences (logic, mathematics, theoretical computer science) use deductive reasoning rather than empirical evidence, often placed in a separate category.
• Applied sciences utilize scientific knowledge for practical applications, such as engineering and medicine.

Historical Perspective

• The roots of scientific inquiry trace back to Bronze Age Egypt and Mesopotamia (3000-1200 BCE), influencing mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
• Greek natural philosophy attempted to explain physical events based on natural causes, later enriched by advancements during the Golden Age of India.
• Scientific research waned after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (400-1000 CE) but revived during various Medieval renaissances.
• Key Greek manuscripts were preserved in the Middle East and reintroduced to Western Europe during the Renaissance, leading to a revival of "natural philosophy."

Scientific Evolution

• The Scientific Revolution in the 16th century transformed natural philosophy into modern natural sciences, with a significant focus on the scientific method.
• By the 19th century, the institutional framework of science began to formalize, shifting terminology from "natural philosophy" to "natural science."
• Contemporary research emphasizes collaboration across academic institutions, government agencies, and private companies.

Practical Impact and Science Policies

• Scientific work influences policies prioritizing ethical and moral aspects in areas like healthcare, environmental protection, and public infrastructure.
• Scientists are motivated by curiosity and the desire to address real-world problems, facilitating the advancement of knowledge.

Etymology of Science

• The term "science" has been used since the 14th century, derived from the Anglo-Norman suffix -cience and Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge."
• Latin roots include sciō (to know) and possibly Proto-Indo-European origins pointing to concepts of knowing or incising.
• Historically, "science" was synonymous with knowledge or study; individuals conducting research were referred to as "natural philosophers" until the term "scientist" was introduced by William Whewell in 1834.

Early History of Science

• Science lacks a single origin; systematic methods developed independently around the world over millennia.
• The early contributions of women in scientific inquiry remain underexplored historical aspects.

This quiz explores the systematic approach of science in gaining knowledge. It covers various branches of science, including natural, behavioral, and formal sciences, and how they contribute to understanding our world. Test your understanding of these fundamental scientific divisions and their significance.