Introduction to Science

Natural Sciences
- Study of the physical world (e.g., physics, chemistry, biology).
Social Sciences
- Study of human behavior and societies (e.g., psychology, sociology, economics).
Formal Sciences
- Study of abstract concepts (e.g., mathematics, logic, computer science).
Applied Sciences
- Practical application of scientific knowledge (e.g., engineering, medicine).

Theory: Well-substantiated explanation based on a body of evidence (e.g., Theory of Evolution).
Law: A statement that describes a consistent natural phenomenon (e.g., Newton's Laws of Motion).
Variable: Any factor that can alter the result of an experiment (independent, dependent, controlled).

Natural Sciences: Focus on the physical world, including physics, chemistry, and biology.
Social Sciences: Study human behavior and societal interactions, encompassing disciplines like psychology, sociology, and economics.
Formal Sciences: Deal with abstract concepts and systems, such as mathematics, logic, and computer science.
Applied Sciences: Apply scientific knowledge to practical problems and solutions, as seen in engineering and medicine.

A systematic approach to investigating phenomena and acquiring knowledge.
Observation: Gathering information through the senses.
Question: Formulating a clear and specific question based on observations.
Hypothesis: Proposing a testable prediction to answer the question.
Experimentation: Designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis.
Analysis: Analyzing data collected from experiments to draw conclusions.
Reporting: Sharing findings with the scientific community through publications, presentations, or other means.

Theory: A well-supported explanation based on a large body of evidence, offering a framework for understanding a phenomenon (e.g., the Theory of Evolution).
Law: A concise statement that describes a consistent natural phenomenon (e.g., Newton's Laws of Motion).
Variable: Any factor that can change in an experiment, influencing the outcome; these can be independent (manipulated), dependent (measured), or controlled (kept constant).

Advances technology and medicine: Scientific discoveries and innovations lead to advancements in various fields, improving our lives.
Informs policy and decision-making: Scientific data and research contribute to policy-making and decision-making, influencing regulations and strategies.
Enhances understanding of the universe and our place in it: Science helps us understand the natural world, our place within it, and expands our knowledge about the cosmos.
Promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills: The scientific method encourages rational thinking, logical approach, and problem-solving skills.

Integrity in research and reporting: Maintaining honesty and accuracy in scientific research and reporting is vital for building trust and ensuring validity of findings.
Consideration of human and environmental impacts: Scientists are increasingly aware of the ethical implications of their research, recognizing the potential impact on humans, animals, and the environment.
Responsible use of technology and data: Ethical concerns must be addressed in the development and use of scientific technologies and data to avoid misuse and ensure benefit to society.

Interdisciplinary research: Combining knowledge and expertise from different scientific disciplines, like in biochemistry or environmental science.
Advances in artificial intelligence and data science: The rapid development of AI and data analysis tools is transforming scientific research, assisting in complex data analysis and prediction.
Focus on sustainability and addressing climate change: Scientists are dedicating significant efforts to understanding and addressing climate change, aiming for sustainable solutions and preserving the planet.

Isaac Newton: Formulated the Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation, fundamentally altering our understanding of physics and the universe.
Charles Darwin: Proponent of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, a foundational concept in biology.
Albert Einstein: Developed the Theory of Relativity, revolutionizing our understanding of space, time, gravity, and the universe.
Marie Curie: Pioneered research on radioactivity, the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields (physics and chemistry).

Role in education and literacy: Scientific knowledge and literacy are crucial for informed citizens to understand and engage with the world around them.
Influence on culture and social norms: Science influences culture and social norms by shaping our understanding of the world, ethical practices, and technological advancements.
Contribution to global challenges: Science plays a vital role in addressing global challenges, such as health crises, climate change, and sustainable development.