Introduction to Science

Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Natural Sciences
- Focus on the nature and characteristics of the physical world.
- Includes:
  - Physics: Study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
  - Chemistry: Study of substances, their properties, and reactions.
  - Biology: Study of living organisms and their interactions.
Formal Sciences
- Concerned with abstract concepts and logical reasoning.
- Includes:
  - Mathematics: Study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns.
  - Statistics: Study of data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation.
  - Logic: Study of valid reasoning and argumentation.
Social Sciences
- Study of individuals and societies.
- Includes:
  - Psychology: Study of mind and behavior.
  - Sociology: Study of social behavior and society.
  - Anthropology: Study of humans, their behavior, and cultures.

Observation
- Gathering data through senses or instruments.
Hypothesis
- Formulating a testable prediction based on observations.
Experimentation
- Conducting tests to validate or refute the hypothesis.
Analysis
- Interpreting data gathered from experiments.
Conclusion
- Drawing conclusions based on the analysis and determining if the hypothesis is supported.
Replication
- Repeating studies to verify results.

Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of evidence.
Law: A statement that describes an observable phenomenon, often expressed mathematically.
Peer Review: Process by which research is evaluated by other experts in the field before publication.

Importance of ethical standards in conducting research.
Issues like consent, confidentiality, and the potential for harmful consequences.

Systematic approach to building knowledge through testable explanations about the universe.

Natural Sciences
- Explore the physical world and its characteristics.
- Physics: Examines matter, energy, and their interactions.
- Chemistry: Investigates substances, their properties, and chemical reactions.
- Biology: Studies living organisms and their ecological interactions.
Formal Sciences
- Focus on abstract concepts and logical reasoning.
- Mathematics: Concerns numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns.
- Statistics: Deals with data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
- Logic: Examines valid reasoning and argumentation.
Social Sciences
- Analyze individuals and societal structures.
- Psychology: Explores the mind and behavioral patterns.
- Sociology: Investigates social behavior and societal constructs.
- Anthropology: Studies humans, their behaviors, and cultural contexts.

Observation: Data is collected using senses or scientific instruments.
Hypothesis: A testable prediction is created based on observations.
Experimentation: Controlled tests are performed to verify or negate the hypothesis.
Analysis: Data from experiments is interpreted to discern patterns or truths.
Conclusion: Decisions are made about the hypothesis based on data analysis.
Replication: Studies are repeated to confirm findings and ensure reliability.

Theory: Comprehensive explanation of a natural phenomenon, grounded in substantial evidence.
Law: Descriptive statement of an observable occurrence, often mathematically defined.
Peer Review: Critical evaluation of research by experts in the field prior to publication to ensure quality.

Fuels advancements in technology and medicine.
Provides a foundation for shaping public policy and fostering environmental stewardship.
Expands understanding of the universe and nurtures critical thinking.

Emphasizes the need for ethical standards in research practices.
Addresses concerns such as consent, confidentiality, and minimizing harmful impacts.

Embraces interdisciplinary approaches, such as bioinformatics and environmental science.
Growing emphasis on data science and artificial intelligence.
Focuses on sustainable practices and renewable energy sources.