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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of utilizing adequate sources in a literature review?
What is the primary purpose of utilizing adequate sources in a literature review?
Which type of source is NOT considered as a scholarly source?
Which type of source is NOT considered as a scholarly source?
What is one effective method for filtering out irrelevant materials when selecting sources?
What is one effective method for filtering out irrelevant materials when selecting sources?
Where can one primarily find sources for research?
Where can one primarily find sources for research?
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What should you do if you are unable to download a needed article?
What should you do if you are unable to download a needed article?
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What is the primary focus of interpretivism in research?
What is the primary focus of interpretivism in research?
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Which of the following methods is typical for a taxonomist's approach?
Which of the following methods is typical for a taxonomist's approach?
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What characterizes the philosophical worldview of post-positivism?
What characterizes the philosophical worldview of post-positivism?
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What is a key element of the scientific method?
What is a key element of the scientific method?
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Which philosophical approach emphasizes the role of interpretation in research?
Which philosophical approach emphasizes the role of interpretation in research?
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Which of the following describes an aspect of pragmatism?
Which of the following describes an aspect of pragmatism?
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What is the aim of the advocacy/participatory philosophical worldview?
What is the aim of the advocacy/participatory philosophical worldview?
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What is the primary aim of grounded theory in research?
What is the primary aim of grounded theory in research?
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What distinguishes case studies from other qualitative strategies?
What distinguishes case studies from other qualitative strategies?
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What is a key characteristic of phenomenological research?
What is a key characteristic of phenomenological research?
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Which qualitative strategy combines the researcher’s life experiences with those of the participants?
Which qualitative strategy combines the researcher’s life experiences with those of the participants?
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Why is theory use important in qualitative research?
Why is theory use important in qualitative research?
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What is a challenge researchers face in the review of related literature for qualitative studies?
What is a challenge researchers face in the review of related literature for qualitative studies?
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What is the focus of qualitative theory use in research?
What is the focus of qualitative theory use in research?
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What does the bracketing process in phenomenological research involve?
What does the bracketing process in phenomenological research involve?
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Which qualitative strategy is best suited for long-term engaged study of human experiences?
Which qualitative strategy is best suited for long-term engaged study of human experiences?
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What is a primary advantage of using explanatory surveys?
What is a primary advantage of using explanatory surveys?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of questionnaires in surveys?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of questionnaires in surveys?
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What is a key characteristic of probability sampling?
What is a key characteristic of probability sampling?
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What should be considered when developing a questionnaire?
What should be considered when developing a questionnaire?
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What is one key step in the data processing stage?
What is one key step in the data processing stage?
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Which statistical method requires assumptions about a population's distribution?
Which statistical method requires assumptions about a population's distribution?
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What is a critical action to take if the response rate to a survey is lower than desired?
What is a critical action to take if the response rate to a survey is lower than desired?
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What type of data is primarily used in non-parametric statistics?
What type of data is primarily used in non-parametric statistics?
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Which step is performed first in the survey analysis process?
Which step is performed first in the survey analysis process?
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What is the purpose of transforming data in the data processing stage?
What is the purpose of transforming data in the data processing stage?
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What is the primary purpose of the literature review in research?
What is the primary purpose of the literature review in research?
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Which of the following statements best defines 'Writing to Understand'?
Which of the following statements best defines 'Writing to Understand'?
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What is a key aspect of 'Writing to be Understood'?
What is a key aspect of 'Writing to be Understood'?
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Why is it important to compare and contrast findings from different studies?
Why is it important to compare and contrast findings from different studies?
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What best describes an outline in the writing process?
What best describes an outline in the writing process?
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Which of the following is the first step in creating an outline according to the provided content?
Which of the following is the first step in creating an outline according to the provided content?
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How does outlining assist in the writing process?
How does outlining assist in the writing process?
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What is a common misconception about evidence needed for a literature review?
What is a common misconception about evidence needed for a literature review?
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What should researchers pay attention to when reviewing studies?
What should researchers pay attention to when reviewing studies?
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What role does statistical analysis play in research studies?
What role does statistical analysis play in research studies?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Research in Forestry and Natural Resources
- Research is an endeavor to discover, develop, and verify knowledge
- It's an intellectual process that has evolved over hundreds of years
- Research seeks the truth
- Aristotle believed all people naturally desire to know
Importance of Research
- A tool for knowledge building and efficient learning
- Aids in understanding various issues
- Essential for business success
- Helps establish truth
- Reveals and seizes opportunities
- Contributes to mental skills and knowledge production
Philosophy of Science
- "Re" + "Search" = Re-investigating, continually seeking new information through investigation.
- A person observes a phenomenon, collects data, and analyzes it to form conclusions
- Research generates knowledge in pursuit of truth
UP Charter of 2008
- UP acts as a research university in various fields, conducting basic and applied research
- It promotes research in different colleges and universities
- Contributes to the dissemination and knowledge application
What is Science and Non-Science?
- Academe focuses on scientific research.
- Science is based on observation and the pursuit of understanding natural phenomena.
The Philosophy of Science
- Science is a human investigative behavior, whose object is the natural world
- It acts as a tool for understanding the natural world
- It's a process of systematic inquiry
What is Philosophy?
- Philosophy investigates the essence of things
- It delves into fundamental and foundational levels of reality
- Its goal is to ascertain how things truly are
- Important to defining science
Philosophical Terms in Research
- Ontology: Beliefs about reality (what is true and exists)
- Realism: There is one truth. Reality is factual, objective, and universally generalizable.
- Relativism: Multiple realities exist, shaped by context, subjective, and perspectives change based on discipline.
- Epistemology: Nature of knowledge and how it is obtained in investigation. How is knowledge acquired? What validates it?
What We Know
- Plato believed that reality is abstract-only ideas of reality
- Aristotle believed that reality is observed by the senses
Methodology
- Methodologies are philosophies that guide systematic knowledge discovery.
- This includes gathering data and forming conclusions.
Research Paradigms (vs. Alternative)
- Paradigm: Set of beliefs which guide research or inquiry;
- Positivist (one reality, measurable, objective):
- Ontology: Realism—one reality
- Epistemology: Dualist/Objectivist
- Methodology: Experimentation (leading to context results)
- Alternative approach (realities are constructed):
- Ontology: Relativism—multiple realities
- Epistemology: Interactive, subjective
- Methodology: In-depth interviews; ethnographic study
Key Elements Scientific Method
- Research question
- Hypothesis
- Experimentation
- Observation
- Analysis
- Conclusion
Qualitative Research
- Explores attitudes, behaviors, and experiences largely through methods such as interviews and focus groups.
- Based on the measurement of quantities, often uses questionnaires.
Quantitative Research
- Emphasizes data measurement and numerical computation.
- Focuses on statistics often using questionnaires and structured interviews.
Data Collection
- Qualitative: Mostly unstructured/semi-structured interviews, focus groups, field notes, documents (e.g., letters or meeting minutes).
- Quantitative: Structured interviews, questionnaires, surveys, testing, observation.
Data Analysis
- Qualitative: Identifying themes, patterns, connections between data points, context analysis.
- Quantitative: Statistical analyses, graphing, computations
Research Methodology and Philosophies
- Research methodology is the philosophy or general principle that guides research, noting the differences between qualitative and quantitative methodologies.
Qualitative Methods
- Ethnography: Detailed study of a culture/group over an extended period
- Case study: In-depth investigation of a particular case,
- Narrative research: Exploring individuals' accounts of their lives.
- Grounded theory: Developing theories from qualitative data.
- Phenomenology: Exploring the essence of human experiences
Quantitative Methods
- Describing aspects of a population/sample.
- Causation studies.
Common Sources of Error in the Research Process
- Sampling problems.
- Using inappropriate instruments.
- Problems with measurements.
Ethical Issues in Research
- Honesty, respect for other's ideas
- Objectivity
- Carefulness
- Openness
- Intellectual Property
- Confidentiality
- Responsible Publication
- Legality
Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing
- Lack of clarity and context
- Inappropriate use of others' information
- Lack of focus
- Insufficient clarity in aims
- Use of overly long or short text
- Problems with referencing
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
- Qualitative methods rely on observation, interview and subjective information.
- Quantitative methods rely on numerical data and measurements.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of research in forestry and natural resources. This quiz covers the importance of research, its philosophical underpinnings, and the role of universities in promoting research. Test your understanding of the concepts and principles that guide effective research practices.
