Introduction to Research Design

Starting with general questions and gradually narrowing the focus to specific topics.

Creating a comfortable atmosphere where the interviewee feels like they're having a conversation, not a strict Q&A.

Using the interviewee's own words to ask follow-up questions and encourage them to elaborate.

Asking one question at a time, ensuring questions are clear and unambiguous.

Using open-ended questions to encourage participants to share unexpected information and reveal important insights.

Techniques like silence, repeating the last statement, and using affirmative noises to encourage elaboration without influencing the interviewee.

Maintaining a smooth flow between topics, ensuring a natural and logical conversation.

Acting primarily as a listener, letting the interviewee guide the conversation while staying aligned with the research objectives.

A research approach that focuses on understanding the subjective experiences and meanings of individuals within a group, using methods like interviews, questionnaires, and focus groups.

A research strategy that combines both qualitative and quantitative methods in a single research project to gain a deeper understanding of a phenomenon.

A research design where qualitative data is collected and analyzed first, followed by quantitative data collection and analysis to test and generalize findings.

A research design where qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis happen concurrently, addressing different aspects of the research problem.

Research focusing on understanding deep, subjective meanings and experiences, using words as data, interviews, focus groups, and small, non-representative samples.

Research focusing on measurement and generalization, using numbers and statistics, surveys, experiments, and large, representative samples for statistical verification.

A research question that explores processes and meanings, focusing on 'why' and 'how' questions.

A research question that focuses on quantifying relationships and patterns, using 'how many' or 'what' questions.

A conversational interaction with specific techniques where the interviewer guides the interviewee to share in-depth information and perspectives.

Gathering data through direct observation of real-life situations, interactions, and practices.

Examining written or spoken communication to extract meaning, themes, and patterns.

Group discussions facilitated by an interviewer to explore a topic, allowing participants to share diverse perspectives and insights.

Techniques that encourage creativity and generate ideas through activities like brainstorming, role-playing, or drawing.

The ability of humans to naturally share stories, experiences, and perspectives, which can be valuable in qualitative interviews.

Asking open-ended questions that allow interviewees to express themselves freely, providing detailed and personalized responses.

Survey questions that adapt to previous answers, changing the path of the survey based on responses.

When a survey question has overlapping answer choices, making it unclear which option to select.

Questions that are vague or general and can be interpreted in multiple ways, leading to inconsistent responses.

Questions that ask two things at once, making it difficult to provide a clear and accurate answer.

Questions that involve sensitive or private topics, potentially making respondents uncomfortable.

Making respondents feel valued by acknowledging their participation in the survey.

Clearly outlining the objectives and purpose of the survey, including who is conducting it.

Providing an estimated time required to complete the survey, managing expectations.

The process of examining data to identify notable behaviors, patterns, and interactions, and labeling these segments with codes for easier analysis.

The process of organizing related codes into categories, which can be refined over time as analysis progresses.

Identifying recurring ideas that unify categories, moving from organizing data to interpreting its meaning.

The process of understanding the meaning of coded and categorized data by considering context, values, and perspectives of all participants.

A brief note made during analysis to record thoughts, hypotheses, and insights. This can help researchers track their thinking and develop a deeper understanding of the data.

The process of tailoring the presentation of research results to the specific target audience, using appropriate media and channels.

The section of a research report that explains the research design, tools used for data collection (e.g., surveys, interviews), and the characteristics of the participants.

The section of a research report that presents actionable recommendations or implications for the client, based on the research findings.

Ethics in research ensure the well-being of participants, maintain the integrity of results, and build trust in the scientific process.

The Stanford Prison Experiment and the Milgram experiment are examples of questionable research studies that highlighted the need for ethical considerations in research.

Ethics is a code of professional conduct that distinguishes what is acceptable from unacceptable behavior in research.

Morality refers to personal beliefs about right and wrong, while ethics focuses on professional norms and standards.

Adhering to ethical norms in research promotes knowledge, truth, collaboration, accountability, and public trust in the scientific process.

Informed consent, confidentiality, right to withdraw, risk assessment, and deception are key ethical practices researchers must follow.

Informed consent is the process of ensuring research participants understand the nature of the study, any risks involved, and their rights, before agreeing to participate.

Confidentiality in research involves protecting participant information and ensuring anonymity, preventing the identification of individuals.