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Questions and Answers
The epidermis is derived from the mesoderm.
The epidermis is derived from the mesoderm.
False (B)
The dermis is primarily composed of elastin fibres.
The dermis is primarily composed of elastin fibres.
False (B)
The classification of skin as thick or thin is determined by the depth of the combined epidermis and dermis.
The classification of skin as thick or thin is determined by the depth of the combined epidermis and dermis.
False (B)
In thick skin, such as on the sole of the foot, the dermis is characteristically thick.
In thick skin, such as on the sole of the foot, the dermis is characteristically thick.
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Skin is fundamentally composed of epithelium and muscle tissue.
Skin is fundamentally composed of epithelium and muscle tissue.
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Sebaceous glands secrete a watery substance that moisturizes the horny layer of the skin.
Sebaceous glands secrete a watery substance that moisturizes the horny layer of the skin.
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Maceration of keratin due to prolonged water exposure results in it becoming thin, stiff and white.
Maceration of keratin due to prolonged water exposure results in it becoming thin, stiff and white.
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The medial epicondyle is less prominent than the lateral epicondyle.
The medial epicondyle is less prominent than the lateral epicondyle.
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Pronator teres arises from the medial supracondylar ridge.
Pronator teres arises from the medial supracondylar ridge.
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The ulnar nerve is lodged in a groove between the lateral epicondyle and the trochlea.
The ulnar nerve is lodged in a groove between the lateral epicondyle and the trochlea.
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The lateral epicondyle has an undulating smooth facet for the common extensor origin of forearm muscles.
The lateral epicondyle has an undulating smooth facet for the common extensor origin of forearm muscles.
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The medial epicondyle fuses with the other centers around the elbow at about 18 years.
The medial epicondyle fuses with the other centers around the elbow at about 18 years.
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The panniculus adiposus, also known as subcutaneous fat, contains flat sheets of muscle called the panniculus carnosus.
The panniculus adiposus, also known as subcutaneous fat, contains flat sheets of muscle called the panniculus carnosus.
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The panniculus carnosus is typically absent in domestic quadrupeds such as sheep and horses.
The panniculus carnosus is typically absent in domestic quadrupeds such as sheep and horses.
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One end of each muscle fibre in the panniculus carnosus is attached to the skin.
One end of each muscle fibre in the panniculus carnosus is attached to the skin.
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Tension lines and wrinkle lines of skin are due to the patterns of muscle bundles.
Tension lines and wrinkle lines of skin are due to the patterns of muscle bundles.
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The panniculus carnosus can be seen in action when a horse twitches the skin over its withers.
The panniculus carnosus can be seen in action when a horse twitches the skin over its withers.
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The subcutaneous tissue is also known as the deep fasciae.
The subcutaneous tissue is also known as the deep fasciae.
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In a butcher's shop, the panniculus carnosus is generally incised in parallel slits to make an attractive pattern.
In a butcher's shop, the panniculus carnosus is generally incised in parallel slits to make an attractive pattern.
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Panniculus adiposus is a type of muscle found under the skin.
Panniculus adiposus is a type of muscle found under the skin.
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In humans, the recognition of tension lines and wrinkle lines in the dermis is important for understanding skin movement.
In humans, the recognition of tension lines and wrinkle lines in the dermis is important for understanding skin movement.
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The lateral border extends from the glenoid cavity to the clavicular facet.
The lateral border extends from the glenoid cavity to the clavicular facet.
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The infraglenoid tubercle is located just below the glenoid fossa.
The infraglenoid tubercle is located just below the glenoid fossa.
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The tendon of trapezius passes over the deltoid tubercle which is lubricated by a bursa.
The tendon of trapezius passes over the deltoid tubercle which is lubricated by a bursa.
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The deltoid muscle originates along the inferior margin of the acromion.
The deltoid muscle originates along the inferior margin of the acromion.
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Supraspinatus is covered by a strong fascia attached to the upper margin of the spine.
Supraspinatus is covered by a strong fascia attached to the upper margin of the spine.
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The most lateral part of the shoulder region is formed by the acromion.
The most lateral part of the shoulder region is formed by the acromion.
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The supraspinous fossa lodges subscapularis.
The supraspinous fossa lodges subscapularis.
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The acromion has four or more vertical ridges along its lateral border for the attachment of septa in the deltoid muscle.
The acromion has four or more vertical ridges along its lateral border for the attachment of septa in the deltoid muscle.
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The medial end of the spine is triangular and smooth.
The medial end of the spine is triangular and smooth.
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The junction of lateral and anterior borders of the acromion forms the prominent bony 'tip of the shoulder' 2 cm lateral to the acromioclavicular joint.
The junction of lateral and anterior borders of the acromion forms the prominent bony 'tip of the shoulder' 2 cm lateral to the acromioclavicular joint.
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The claw hand is caused by the unopposed action of extensors and flexor digitorum profundus.
The claw hand is caused by the unopposed action of extensors and flexor digitorum profundus.
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Wasting of the interossei muscles gives the appearance of guttering between the metacarpals.
Wasting of the interossei muscles gives the appearance of guttering between the metacarpals.
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Sensory loss in ulnar nerve damage is often greater than might be expected.
Sensory loss in ulnar nerve damage is often greater than might be expected.
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Injury at the elbow affects the distal interphalangeal joints of the ring and little fingers.
Injury at the elbow affects the distal interphalangeal joints of the ring and little fingers.
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The abductor pollicis brevis is tested for lesions at the wrist level.
The abductor pollicis brevis is tested for lesions at the wrist level.
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The median nerve is exposed by incising along the lateral border of biceps in the arm.
The median nerve is exposed by incising along the lateral border of biceps in the arm.
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To relieve compression in the carpal tunnel, the flexor retinaculum is incised longitudinally.
To relieve compression in the carpal tunnel, the flexor retinaculum is incised longitudinally.
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Testing for the action of the ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus is performed by observing flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint of the index finger.
Testing for the action of the ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus is performed by observing flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint of the index finger.
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The first dorsal interosseous muscle is used to test for abduction of the index finger.
The first dorsal interosseous muscle is used to test for abduction of the index finger.
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Detaching the radial head of flexor digitorum superficialis displays the median nerve in the forearm.
Detaching the radial head of flexor digitorum superficialis displays the median nerve in the forearm.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Regional Anatomy
- Body composed of four basic tissues: epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nerve.
- All body parts are made of one or more of these tissues.
- Different tissue types exist due to functional requirements of organs.
- Details on cell types and intercellular substances are covered in histology textbooks.
Skin
- Composed of epithelium (epidermis) and connective tissue (dermis).
- Epidermis is stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium.
- Skin appendages (sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails, hair) are specialized derivatives of the epidermis.
- Dermis is mesodermal, primarily collagen fibers, elastic tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve fibers.
- "Thick skin" has a thick stratum corneum (e.g., sole of foot), relatively thinner dermis.
- "Thin skin" has a thinner stratum corneum (e.g., forearm), relatively thicker dermis.
- Skin secretions (sebaceous, sweat) soften the horny layer.
- Water softens keratin, making it thick, soft, and white (e.g., “washerwoman's fingers”).
Subcutaneous Tissue
- Also known as panniculus adiposus.
- Contains adipose tissue and flat sheets of muscle (panniculus carnosus).
- Muscle development varies greatly between species.
- Domestic quadrupeds (sheep, horses) have panniculus carnosus over most body wall.
- Panniculus carnosus muscle fibers attach to skin and deep fascia/bone.
Upper Limb
- Ulnar Nerve: Medial border of biceps, adjacent to brachial artery, lies medial to biceps tendon in cubital fossa. In the forearm, detach flexor digitorum superficialis to expose nerve.
- Median Nerve: Easily exposed by incision along medial border of biceps.
- Wrist Lesions: Test abductor pollicis brevis.
- High Lesions: Test ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus.
- Hand Wasting: Affects interossei, presenting as guttering between metacarpals.
- Sensory Loss: Variable loss on the ulnar side of the hand and little/ring fingers.
- Surgical Approaches: Described for upper arm and forearm median, and ulnar nerves.
Upper Limb (continued)
- Surgical Approach: Ulnar nerve in upper arm exposed along medial border of biceps, where it nears brachial artery.
Humerus
- Lateral (axillary) border: Extends from glenoid cavity to inferior angle.
- Infraglenoid tubercle: Rough triangular plateau just below glenoid fossa; gives origin to long head of triceps and is sometimes depressed into a fossa.
- Deltoid tubercle: Marks beginning of deltoid attachment, along inferior margin of spine and anterior, lateral, and posterior borders..
- Spine: Divides posterior surface into supraspinous and infraspinous fossae.
- Supraspinatus: Lodges in supraspinous fossa, covered in a strong fascia.
- Infraspinatus: Located in infraspinous fossa.
- Lateral Epicondyle: Undulating, smooth facet for common forearm extensors.
- Medial Epicondyle: More prominent than lateral, points in same direction as humerus head.
- Smooth facet on its anterior surface for common flexor origin.
Radius
- Carries the hand, stabilized against ulna (pronation/supination), and humerus (flexion/extension of forearm)
- Cylindrical head tapers into narrow neck, becoming thicker towards the lower extremity.
- Head covered with hyaline cartilage.
- Pronator teres tendon attaches to a ridge/pit on radius head, often visible in posterior view.
- Interosseous membrane attachment point lies just below radius tuberosity.
- Ossification centers appear on lower radius in the second year for the capitulum, lateral trochlea ridge. Other centers develop as the years progress.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of regional anatomy, focusing on the composition and functional requirements of body tissues, specifically skin anatomy. It includes details about the types of tissues, their derivatives, and histology basics. Test your understanding of the skin's structure and its various components.
