Introduction to Python Programming
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Questions and Answers

What are the basic types of instructions that a computer program consists of?

  • Fetch, Process, Deliver
  • Input, Process, Output (correct)
  • Read, Write, Execute
  • Store, Retrieve, Compute

    • What is an algorithm?

  • A variable used to store data
  • A comment in the code
  • A type of output from a program
  • A sequence of instructions that solves a problem (correct)

    • Which function is used to display values or variables in Python?

  • output()
  • show()
  • display()
  • print() (correct)

    • How can multiple outputs be displayed on the same line in Python?

    <p>By adding end=' ' in print()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the statement salary = wage * hours * weeks, which term is the assignment operator?

    <p>=</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of characters like '#' in Python code?

    <p>To create comments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained within a string in Python?

    <p>Text, numbers, and symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the symbol '*' represent in Python programming?

    <p>Multiplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the escape sequence '\t'?

    <p>To insert a tab in a string</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type will the input() function return when reading user input?

    <p>String type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of error occurs when the program syntax is correct but an operation is impossible, such as dividing by zero?

    <p>Runtime error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a string contains 'abc' and you try to convert it to an integer using int(), what kind of error will occur?

    <p>ValueError</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly referred to as a bug in programming?

    <p>A logic error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do bits in computing represent?

    <p>Voltage levels of circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is responsible for executing a list of desired calculations in a computer?

    <p>Processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an IDE?

    <p>Notepad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about if statements is correct?

    <p>Each if statement is independent and can execute multiple branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equality operator check for when comparing strings?

    <p>If strings have the same length and identical corresponding characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do membership operators operate?

    <p>They return True if any element in the right operand matches the left operand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using the identity operator 'is', what does it check?

    <p>If two operands reference the same object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the expression $a * (b + c) - d$, which operation is evaluated first?

    <p>The addition ($+$)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the expression $x == 5$ or $y == 10$ and $z != 10$, which operation has higher precedence?

    <p>The 'and' operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expression $z - 45 * y < 53$ evaluate first based on operator precedence?

    <p>The multiplication ($*$) is evaluated first.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What result do the membership operators in Python provide when a substring is searched?

    <p>True if the left operand is contained in the right operand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expression num1, num2 = [350, 400] achieve?

    <p>It assigns 350 to num1 and 400 to num2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does one access the sixth character of a string named my_str?

    <p>my_str[5]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the slice notation my_str[0:3] return if my_str is 'Boggle'?

    <p>Bog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scope of a variable created inside a function?

    <p>It is limited to the function in which it was created.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the field width have in a format specification?

    <p>It defines the minimum number of characters to insert.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be used to change the value of a global variable inside a function?

    <p>The global keyword</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a name cannot be found in any namespace during scope resolution?

    <p>A NameError is generated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default alignment for numbers when using field width in string formatting?

    <p>Right-aligned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between namespaces and scope?

    <p>Namespaces map names to objects and help define scope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the replace(old, new) method do to a string?

    <p>It returns a copy of the string with all occurrences of <code>old</code> replaced by <code>new</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a left alignment in a field width specification?

    <p>&lt;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are function arguments passed in Python?

    <p>By object assignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the modification of immutable objects within a function?

    <p>The modification is limited to the function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of variable cannot be accessed within a function if it is defined outside of it without a global statement?

    <p>Global variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a namespace in programming?

    <p>To track the visibility of object names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the range() function in for loops?

    <p>To count iterations using a specified step value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a for loop compared to a while loop?

    <p>For loops are preferred due to a lower risk of infinite loops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nested loop?

    <p>A loop that contains another loop within its body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the break statement do in a loop?

    <p>Exits the loop immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a loop completes normally in Python?

    <p>The loop else construct is executed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a programmer enhance the readability of a loop?

    <p>By using the continue statement effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the enumerate() function do when looping?

    <p>Retrieves both index and value simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a loop variable used for?

    <p>To control the number of iterations of a loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Python

    • A computer program consists of instructions executed sequentially
    • Instructions include:
      • Input: Data from files, keyboard, touchscreen, or network
      • Process: Computations on the data (e.g., x + y)
      • Output: Placing data in a file, on a screen, or network
    • Variables store data (e.g., x, y, z). Variable values change during execution
    • An algorithm is a sequence of instructions to solve a problem

    Programming using Python

    • A Python interpreter executes Python code
    • An interactive interpreter allows executing code line by line
    • Code is the textual representation of a program (also called coding)
    • Statements are program instructions, usually per line
    • Expressions are code that returns values (e.g., wage * hours * weeks = salary)
    • Variables are named references to values (e.g., wage, hours, weeks, salary)
    • Assignments use the = symbol (e.g., salary = wage * hours * weeks)
    • print() displays variables or expressions
    • # denotes comments (optional)

    Basic Input and Output

    • print() function outputs text
    • Strings use quotes (e.g., "Hello")
    • Escape sequences (e.g., "\n", "\t") specify special characters
    • \n creates a new line
    • \t inserts a tab
    • Comments use #
    • input() reads user input

    Errors

    • SyntaxError: Invalid code that cannot be understood (e.g., multiple prints on one line)
    • IndentationError: Incorrect indentation (e.g., misaligned code blocks)
    • ValueError: Invalid input value, (e.g., giving letters as input to int())
    • NameError: Trying to use a non-existent variable
    • TypeError: Using incorrect types in an operation (e.g., adding integer to a string)
    • Logic Error: Program runs but produces incorrect results; also called bug.

    Development Environment

    • Integrated Development Environment (IDE) typically used

    Computers and Programs (General)

    • Digital circuits process 0s and 1s (bits)
    • Processors perform instructions
    • Memory stores data

    Language History

    • Programming languages were created for human readability

    White Space Matters

    • White space (blank spaces or newlines) is crucial for correct program execution in Python
    • Programs require precise formatting to work correctly

    Variables and Expressions

    • Variables are named containers for values
    • Assignment statements give values to variables (e.g., x = 5)
    • Incrementing a variable increases its value by 1

    Identifiers

    • Identifiers (names) consist of letters, underscores, and digits, and must start with a letter or an underscore
    • Python is case-sensitive

    Reserved Words (Keywords)

    • Cannot be used as variable names (e.g., if, else, for)

    Experimenting with Objects

    • Objects represent values
    • Garbage collection automatically reclaims unused memory

    Numeric Types, Floating-Point, and Literals

    • Python supports float data types
    • Float literals can involve the "e" for scientific notation
    • OverflowError occurs when a floating-point value is too large to store

    Arithmetic Expressions

    • Evaluated according to the order of standard mathematics (precedence rules)

    Python Expressions

    • Unary minus is negative
    • Compound operators (e.g., +=) are shorthand for updates

    Division and Modulo

    • Division (/) returns a float
    • Floor division (//) rounds down to the nearest integer
    • Modulo operator (%) returns the remainder

    Modules

    • Python modules are code in separate files.
    • import statements bring module code into the current program
    • Dot notation accesses objects within a module (e.g., math.sqrt)

    Math Module

    • Provides more advanced mathematical operations
    • Includes functions like fabs(x), floor(x), and others
    • Use via import statement.

    Random Numbers

    • Random generated by time each call.
    • randrange(), randint() functions for integers
    • random() function for floating-point numbers

    Representing Text

    • Unicode represents characters as numbers
    • Escape sequences (e.g., '\n', '"') denote special characters in strings

    String Basics

    • Strings (e.g., "Hello") are sequences of characters.

    List Basics

    • Lists are ordered collections of items enclosed in square brackets ([]).

    Tuple Basics

    • Tuples are similar to lists but immutable (unchangeable).

    Set Basics

    • Sets hold unique elements, order does not matter.

    Dictionary Basics

    • Dictionaries store key-value pairs.

    Type Conversions

    • Conversion from one data type to others (e.g., from int to float).

    Binary Numbers

    • Base-2 numbers (comprising 0s and 1s).

    String Formatting

    • Format specifications control output of string values

    Branching

    • if-else statement to execute codes conditionally
      • if statement is True
      • else statement is False
      • elif (else if) for further conditions

    Logical Operators

    • and, or, not to combine conditions
      • checking multiple ranges, or gaps in ranges
      • True or False Boolean Values are used

    Comparing Data Types and Common Errors

    • How to compare data types in programming with common errors

    Membership and Identity Operators

    • in operator to check whether a smaller string is in a larger string
    • is operator to compare if two operands refer to the same object

    Order of Evaluation

    • Precedence rules determine order of operations in expressions

    Code Blocks and Indentation

    • Code blocks are defined by indentation

    Conditional Expressions

    • Short-hand way to write conditional code blocks

    Loops

    • while loops run as long as an expression is True
    • for loops iterate through each item in a container

    String Methods

    • Various methods for working with strings

    Functions

    • Group statements for reusable operation
    • Parameters (inputs) and return to produce output
    • Functions may need to use other function calls

    Dynamic Typing

    • Python determines object types during run time

    Reasons for Defining Functions

    • Reduce program code redundancy and prevent code bloat

    Writing Mathematical Functions

    • Functions can be used with mathematical equations to produce output based on input

    Function Stubs

    • Placeholders for functionalities not yet implemented in the program

    Functions with Branches/Loops

    Raising Exceptions

    • raise statement causes immediate exit, allowing exception handler to handle errors

    Custom Exception Types

    • Create your own data types to define errors and exceptions

    Files

    • Reading from files
    • Writing to files
    • Utilizing specific modes (e.g. binary data mode)
    • Standard Library os and csv modules

    Classes: Introduction

    • Classes group data and operations
    • Objects are instances of classes
    • Data is accessed via operators (e.g., dot notation)

    Classes: Grouping Data

    • How to group data and functionalities together in classes

    Classes: Instance Methods

    • How define a method inside a class

    Classes: Class and Instance Object Types

    • How to create class attributes that are shared between objects
    • How to create instance attributes that are unique to each object

    Classes: Class Constructors

    • Modifying or creating class states using __init__ method

    Classes: Class Customization

    • Modify common class behaviors through methods

    Operator Overloading

    • Redefining operators within classes

    Memory Allocation and Garbage Collection

    • How Python allocates memory
    • Process of reclaiming unused memory

    Inheritance

    • Derived classes inheriting attributes and methods from base classes

    Testing Code

    • Using unittest module for repeatable testing

    Exceptions

    • Exception handling using try-except blocks
    • Raising exceptions (raise statement)
    • Using finally to specify clean-up steps

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    Python Programming Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of Python programming, including the structure of a computer program, data input/output, variables, algorithms, and the Python interpreter. Test your knowledge on the key elements that make up programming in Python.

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