Introduction to Psychology

Study Notes

Psychology studies human behavior and mental processes.
Originates from the Greek word psyche meaning "soul" and has ancient roots in the study of the soul.
Linked with biology and physiology, providing a scientific basis for understanding mental activities.

Personality refers to unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions that differentiate individuals.
Defined by various aspects: physical, mental, social, emotional, moral, and spiritual dimensions.

Trait: Specific features or characteristics that form part of individual psychology.
Attitude: The emotional or logical response to situations.

Behaviorism pioneered by John B. Watson, focusing on observable actions categorized as extrinsic (overt) or intrinsic (covert).
Goals of psychology include describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior.

Demonology: Supernatural explanations for abnormal behavior prevalent before scientific understanding.
Key figures include:
- Philippe Pinel advocated humane treatment for mental illness in 1792.
- Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879, regarded as the father of modern psychology.
- Granville Stanley Hall founded the first psychology school in the US.

Nativism (Descartes, Plato): Asserts innate ideas are present at birth.
Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume): Ideas are acquired through sensory experiences, likening the mind to a "blank slate."

Neurobiological: Examines the influence of the nervous system on behavior.
Behavioral: Focuses on observable behaviors and the stimulus-response relationship.
Cognitive: Investigates mental processes involved in perception and understanding.
Psychodynamic: Delves into the unconscious mind's role in behavior and character, drawing from psychoanalysis.
Sociocultural: Explores how social and cultural factors shape thoughts and behaviors.

Comparative Psychology: Analyzes behavior across species.
Cultural Psychology: Investigates cultural impacts on psychological processes.
Developmental Psychology: Studies changes across the lifespan.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applies psychological principles in workplace settings.
Forensic Psychology: Merges psychology with the legal system.

Various methods include naturalistic observation, archival research, surveys, experiments, case studies, and correlational studies.
Emphasizes the importance of diverse approaches for comprehensive psychological research.

The nervous system functions as a complex communication network regulating responses to internal and external stimuli.
Neurons: The basic unit of the nervous system, with a large count and significant electrical activity influencing behavior.
Stimuli: Can be sensory, motor, or interneuron types, vital for initiating responses.

Phenomenological Perspective: Emphasizes subjective experience and individual perception.
Medical Psychology: Connects psychological principles with medical management for improved patient care.

Psychology encompasses a vast array of theories, practices, and subfields reflecting its complexity and relevance to understanding human behavior and mental processes.