Introduction to Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of replicating a study?

The study is considered failed

More support is given to the findings of the study (correct)

A new hypothesis is formed

The study is terminated

What is the reason for reporting the results of an investigation?

To let others know what has already been found out about a question so that they can build on that knowledge (correct)

To inform other researchers about the study

To share the results with the participants

To get feedback from the participants

What is the term for the negative stereotype that college athletes are graded and promoted on their athletic ability, not academic performance?

Athlete's syndrome

Stereotype threat

Social loafing

Dumb jocks (correct)

What is the first principle of ethics in psychology?

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Signup and view all the answers

What is critical thinking?

The ability to make judgments based on critical evaluation of evidence Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to report the results of a failed study?

So that others know what didn't work Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the principle of Fidelity and Responsibility?

To ensure psychologists establish relationships of trust with their clients Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rights and dignity of all individuals?

Respect for people's rights and dignity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the principle of Justice?

To ensure fairness and justice for all individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the principle of Integrity?

To ensure psychologists are honest in their scientific and professional judgments Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective combines social psychology and cultural psychology?

Sociocultural perspective Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of biopsychologists?

The role of heredity in shaping behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to the evolutionary perspective, what is the primary driving force behind human behavior?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the scientific method of psychology?

Perceiving a question Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective is characterized by an eclectic approach?

Psychologists' approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of forming a hypothesis?

To make an educated guess about a phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of testing a hypothesis?

To determine the validity of a hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the sociocultural perspective?

The impact of culture and social norms on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between cross-cultural research and other research methods?

It compares behaviors across cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the scientific method of psychology?

To understand human behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a goal of psychology?

prediction Signup and view all the answers

What does the word 'psychology' literally refer to?

the study of the soul Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the process of description in psychology?

observing and noting all details Signup and view all the answers

Why is explanation important in the study of psychology?

It helps in forming theories of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

According to H. D. Hamm, psychology is the scientific study of what?

behavior of humans and animals Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of psychology according to Tom Bolling?

describing and applying knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Which Greek words are the origin of 'psychology'?

psyche and logos Signup and view all the answers

What is systematic method in psychology primarily used for?

achieving goals like describing and predicting behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of prediction in psychology?

To determine future behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What sub-field of psychology focuses on how individuals grow and change throughout their lives?

Developmental psychology Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective places importance on unconscious mind and early childhood experiences but with less emphasis on sexual motivations?

Psychodynamic perspective Signup and view all the answers

John Watson's approach to psychology primarily studied what aspect?

Observable and measurable behavior Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be met before achieving self-actualization?

Physiological and safety needs Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is known for developing the theory of operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner Signup and view all the answers

The cognitive perspective compares human thinking to what type of system?

Computational systems Signup and view all the answers

Which field of psychology works on behavioral issues in the legal and correctional systems?

Forensic psychology Signup and view all the answers

What approach in psychology emphasizes free will and self-actualization?

Humanistic perspective Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following is associated with the concept of the 'inferiority complex'?

Alfred Adler Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reporting Results in Psychological Research

Researchers should report their findings even if they indicate failure, as it helps other researchers know what has already been explored.
Just because one study doesn't support a hypothesis, it doesn't necessarily mean the hypothesis is incorrect.
Other researchers can learn from your failures to avoid similar mistakes in future investigations.

Important Landmarks in Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
William James publishes "Principles of Psychology" in 1890, contributing to behaviorism.
Ivan Pavlov wins the Nobel Prize in 1904 for developing psychoanalysis.
The Indian Psychological Association was founded in 1924.
B.F. Skinner publishes "Science and Human Behavior" in 1953, focusing on conflict and cooperation in economic behavior.

Ethics in Psychology

Psychologists uphold principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, and responsibility in their professional conduct.
They strive to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in their work, avoiding intentional misrepresentation.
Psychologists respect the rights and dignity of all individuals, considering factors like age, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status.

Applications of Psychology

Critical thinking in psychology involves making reasoned judgments based on evidence and an open mind.
Psychology as a science uses systematic methods to observe, describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes.
Evolutionary psychologists study human behavior as adaptations designed by natural selection.

The Scientific Method in Psychology

Perceiving the question involves observing interesting phenomena that require an explanation.
Formulating a hypothesis is an educated guess about the explanation for observed behavior that can be tested.
Testing the hypothesis can be done through observations, surveys, or experiments.
Drawing conclusions involves analyzing the results to determine if the hypothesis was supported or refuted.### Goals of Psychology
Explanation: to build theories to explain human behavior
Prediction: to predict how individuals might behave in the future
Control: to modify behavior from undesirable to desirable
Understanding: to understand human behavior and mental processes

Sub-Fields of Psychology

Cognitive Psychology: study of ways humans perceive and understand the world
Physiological Psychology: study of brain functions in behavior
Developmental Psychology: study of growth and change throughout life
Social Psychology: study of how people influence and are influenced by others
School Psychology: testing and evaluating students, analyzing learning problems, and counseling teachers and parents
Industrial/Organizational Psychology: work on a wide variety of issues in work settings
Forensic Psychology: work on behavioral issues in the legal, judicial, and correctional systems
Health Psychology: focus on ways to improve health by altering behavior
Sports Psychology: study of psychological factors influencing performance in sports and physical activity
Clinical Psychology: diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders
Counseling Psychology: working with people who have less severe social, emotional, and vocational problems
Military Psychology: understanding and addressing mental and behavioral health needs of members of the armed forces
Human Factors and Engineering Psychology: study of how people interact with machines and technology

Psychology in Modern Times: 7 Forces

Psychodynamic Perspective

Focus on unconscious mind and its influence on conscious behavior
Emphasis on early childhood experiences and sense of self
Sub-branches: Neo-Freudians (Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney)

Behavioral Perspective

Study of only observable and measurable behavior
Focus on classical conditioning (John Watson) and operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
Emphasis on reinforcement and punishment in modifying behavior

Humanistic Perspective

Emphasis on importance of people's subjective attitudes, feelings, and beliefs
Focus on self-actualization and human potential (Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers)
Emphasis on non-judgmental and empathetic environment for clients

Cognitive Perspective

School of psychology devoted to the study of mental processes
Focus on judgment, decision-making, and complex thought processes
Emphasis on learning, memory, intelligence, perception, and language

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Description

Learn about the scientific approach psychologists use to study human behavior and mental processes. Discover how they use the scientific method to make precise observations and measurements.