Introduction to Psychology - Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which perspective of psychology focuses primarily on genetics and individual differences?

  • Humanistic
  • Evolutionary
  • Biological (correct)
  • Cognitive
  • What is the primary area of focus for physiological psychologists?

  • Cognitive processes
  • Social interactions
  • Physiological changes in behavior (correct)
  • Emotional intelligence
  • Which of the following best describes the relationship emphasized in the biological perspective?

  • The dominance of social factors over biological ones
  • The separation of brain function and behavior
  • The irrelevance of genetics in behavior
  • The interaction of body, behavior, and brain processes (correct)
  • Behavior genetics is a focus within which psychological perspective?

    <p>Biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tools do biological psychologists often use to explore behavior?

    <p>Scientific instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of behavior, which of the following is a significant focus of the biological perspective?

    <p>Genetic influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the biological perspective interpret behavior in relation to emotional processes?

    <p>Nerve cells directly impact emotions and cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following perspectives is least focused on physiological aspects of behavior?

    <p>Cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of most ancient Indian texts regarding human existence?

    <p>Achieving moksha and self-realization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as part of analyzing human behavior in Indian sources?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the ancient Indian perspective, where is the root of all sorrow located?

    <p>Within the person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the concept of self-realization in ancient Indian philosophy?

    <p>Nirvana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach to psychology is defined by Cornelissen, Misra, & Varma?

    <p>Indian Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is highlighted as a means to alleviate suffering in ancient Indian philosophy?

    <p>Reflection and contemplation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'samadhi' refer to in the context of Indian psychological literature?

    <p>Self-realization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of harmonizing the soul, mind, and body in ancient Indian practice?

    <p>Obtaining tranquillity and happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of Kosha in Indian psychology explain?

    <p>The structure of self and personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dosha is characterized by calmness, flexibility, patience, and kindness?

    <p>Kapha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Ayurveda describe the impact of doshas on individuals?

    <p>They influence human Prakriti or characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotion is commonly associated with individuals having Vata as their primary dosha?

    <p>Excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year marks the formal beginning of psychology as an independent discipline?

    <p>1879</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the approach of Western psychology?

    <p>It employs a strictly scientific methodology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What character trait is typically associated with individuals governed by Pitta dosha?

    <p>Intellectual curiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kosha is described as the 'Annamaya'?

    <p>The physical sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a variable ratio schedule depend on for awarding a prize?

    <p>A certain number of accurate replies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by delivering reinforcement after a set time has passed?

    <p>Fixed Interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which schedule do quick response times typically result from changeable rewards?

    <p>Variable Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After extinction, which group of rats maintained their behavior the longest based on their reinforcement schedule?

    <p>Variable Ratio trained rats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of responses needed for reinforcement in a variable ratio schedule?

    <p>It changes after each reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a fixed interval schedule?

    <p>Reinforcement is provided after a specified time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of a variable interval schedule?

    <p>Reinforcements depend on changing time intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the extinction rate compare between different reinforcement schedules?

    <p>Variable ratio schedules result in the lowest extinction rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of positive punishment on behavior?

    <p>It weakens the reaction to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is an example of negative punishment?

    <p>A teenager is grounded for breaking curfew.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?

    <p>Partial reinforcement provides rewards only after certain responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which reinforcement schedule does a behavior get rewarded after a set number of responses?

    <p>Fixed Ratio Schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is partial reinforcement often considered more effective than continuous reinforcement?

    <p>It results in behaviors that are more resistant to extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reinforcement schedule is most beneficial for learning a new behavior?

    <p>Continuous Schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to response rates under continuous reinforcement?

    <p>They are generally lowest compared to other schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes a fixed ratio schedule?

    <p>It reinforces behavior after a set number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Indian Psychology and Its Foundations

    • Indian psychology roots trace back to Vedic and epic literature, exploring human behavior and consciousness.
    • Influential texts include the Vedas, Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads, and yoga sutras, emphasizing self-realization and moksha.
    • Key concepts like samadhi and nirvana focus on inner reflection and personal experiences to alleviate suffering and achieve harmony.
    • Indian psychology, as defined by Cornelissen, Misra, & Varma (2014), is based on ancient practices unique to the Indian subcontinent.

    Concepts of Self and Personality

    • The Upanishads introduce the notion of Kosha, describing five layers of self: Annamaya (physical), Pranamaya (vital), Manomaya (mental), Vidnyanmaya (intellectual), and Anandmaya (bliss).
    • Ayurveda classifies individuals into three dosha types:
      • Kapha (calm, patient, good memory, slow to learn).
      • Vata (unpredictable, quick emotional changes, artistic).
      • Pitta (intelligent, short-tempered, intense).

    Western Psychology: Historical Overview

    • The formal inception of psychology as a discipline began in 1879 with Wilhelm Wundt's experimental laboratory in Germany.
    • The field has since evolved, becoming a major area of study within social sciences, examining mental processes, experiences, and behaviors.

    Perspectives in Psychology

    • Psychology incorporates multiple perspectives that include:
      • Biological: Studies physiological influences on behavior, focusing on genetics and brain processes.
      • Behavioral: Examines learned behaviors through conditioning.
      • Psychodynamic: Explores unconscious influences on behavior and emotions.
      • Cognitive: Investigates mental processes like perception and memory.
      • Evolutionary: Analyzes behaviors from an evolutionary standpoint.
      • Humanistic: Emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.

    Learning and Conditioning Principles

    • Positive Punishment: Introduces an unpleasant consequence to decrease an undesirable behavior.
    • Negative Punishment: Removes a pleasant stimulus to reduce unwanted behavior.

    Reinforcement Schedules in Learning

    • Reinforcement schedules dictate how rewards are given, categorized into continuous and partial reinforcement:
      • Fixed Ratio Schedule: Rewards after a predetermined number of responses (e.g., every third response).
      • Variable Ratio Schedule: Rewards after an unpredictable number of responses, proving to be highly effective in maintaining behavior.
      • Fixed Interval Schedule: Rewards after a specified time interval (e.g., first response after 60 seconds).
      • Variable Interval Schedule: Rewards given after varying time intervals, encouraging rapid response behavior.

    Extinction and Resistance in Behavior

    • Behavior conditioned under variable ratio schedules exhibits high resistance to extinction compared to other schedules, illustrating the efficacy of partial reinforcement in maintaining behavior over time.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in psychology, focusing on theories developed by Indian schools that contribute to human well-being. Test your understanding of psychological principles and their applications in real life. Dive into the world of psychology and enhance your knowledge.

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