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Which perspective of psychology focuses primarily on genetics and individual differences?
What is the primary area of focus for physiological psychologists?
Which of the following best describes the relationship emphasized in the biological perspective?
Behavior genetics is a focus within which psychological perspective?
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What tools do biological psychologists often use to explore behavior?
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In terms of behavior, which of the following is a significant focus of the biological perspective?
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How does the biological perspective interpret behavior in relation to emotional processes?
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Which of the following perspectives is least focused on physiological aspects of behavior?
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What is the primary concern of most ancient Indian texts regarding human existence?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as part of analyzing human behavior in Indian sources?
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According to the ancient Indian perspective, where is the root of all sorrow located?
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What term is used to describe the concept of self-realization in ancient Indian philosophy?
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What approach to psychology is defined by Cornelissen, Misra, & Varma?
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Which practice is highlighted as a means to alleviate suffering in ancient Indian philosophy?
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What does the concept of 'samadhi' refer to in the context of Indian psychological literature?
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What is the ultimate goal of harmonizing the soul, mind, and body in ancient Indian practice?
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What does the concept of Kosha in Indian psychology explain?
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Which dosha is characterized by calmness, flexibility, patience, and kindness?
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How does Ayurveda describe the impact of doshas on individuals?
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What emotion is commonly associated with individuals having Vata as their primary dosha?
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What year marks the formal beginning of psychology as an independent discipline?
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Which statement best describes the approach of Western psychology?
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What character trait is typically associated with individuals governed by Pitta dosha?
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Which kosha is described as the 'Annamaya'?
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What does a variable ratio schedule depend on for awarding a prize?
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Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by delivering reinforcement after a set time has passed?
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In which schedule do quick response times typically result from changeable rewards?
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After extinction, which group of rats maintained their behavior the longest based on their reinforcement schedule?
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What happens to the number of responses needed for reinforcement in a variable ratio schedule?
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Which of the following describes a fixed interval schedule?
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What is one key characteristic of a variable interval schedule?
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How does the extinction rate compare between different reinforcement schedules?
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What is the primary effect of positive punishment on behavior?
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Which scenario is an example of negative punishment?
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What is the main difference between continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?
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In which reinforcement schedule does a behavior get rewarded after a set number of responses?
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Why is partial reinforcement often considered more effective than continuous reinforcement?
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Which reinforcement schedule is most beneficial for learning a new behavior?
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What typically happens to response rates under continuous reinforcement?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes a fixed ratio schedule?
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Study Notes
Indian Psychology and Its Foundations
- Indian psychology roots trace back to Vedic and epic literature, exploring human behavior and consciousness.
- Influential texts include the Vedas, Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads, and yoga sutras, emphasizing self-realization and moksha.
- Key concepts like samadhi and nirvana focus on inner reflection and personal experiences to alleviate suffering and achieve harmony.
- Indian psychology, as defined by Cornelissen, Misra, & Varma (2014), is based on ancient practices unique to the Indian subcontinent.
Concepts of Self and Personality
- The Upanishads introduce the notion of Kosha, describing five layers of self: Annamaya (physical), Pranamaya (vital), Manomaya (mental), Vidnyanmaya (intellectual), and Anandmaya (bliss).
- Ayurveda classifies individuals into three dosha types:
- Kapha (calm, patient, good memory, slow to learn).
- Vata (unpredictable, quick emotional changes, artistic).
- Pitta (intelligent, short-tempered, intense).
Western Psychology: Historical Overview
- The formal inception of psychology as a discipline began in 1879 with Wilhelm Wundt's experimental laboratory in Germany.
- The field has since evolved, becoming a major area of study within social sciences, examining mental processes, experiences, and behaviors.
Perspectives in Psychology
- Psychology incorporates multiple perspectives that include:
- Biological: Studies physiological influences on behavior, focusing on genetics and brain processes.
- Behavioral: Examines learned behaviors through conditioning.
- Psychodynamic: Explores unconscious influences on behavior and emotions.
- Cognitive: Investigates mental processes like perception and memory.
- Evolutionary: Analyzes behaviors from an evolutionary standpoint.
- Humanistic: Emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.
Learning and Conditioning Principles
- Positive Punishment: Introduces an unpleasant consequence to decrease an undesirable behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Removes a pleasant stimulus to reduce unwanted behavior.
Reinforcement Schedules in Learning
- Reinforcement schedules dictate how rewards are given, categorized into continuous and partial reinforcement:
- Fixed Ratio Schedule: Rewards after a predetermined number of responses (e.g., every third response).
- Variable Ratio Schedule: Rewards after an unpredictable number of responses, proving to be highly effective in maintaining behavior.
- Fixed Interval Schedule: Rewards after a specified time interval (e.g., first response after 60 seconds).
- Variable Interval Schedule: Rewards given after varying time intervals, encouraging rapid response behavior.
Extinction and Resistance in Behavior
- Behavior conditioned under variable ratio schedules exhibits high resistance to extinction compared to other schedules, illustrating the efficacy of partial reinforcement in maintaining behavior over time.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in psychology, focusing on theories developed by Indian schools that contribute to human well-being. Test your understanding of psychological principles and their applications in real life. Dive into the world of psychology and enhance your knowledge.
