Introduction to Psychology

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A researcher is interested in studying the impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. Participants are randomly assigned to either a group that gets 8 hours of sleep or a group that is kept awake for 24 hours. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study?

The time of day the cognitive tests are administered.
The amount of sleep the participants receive. (correct)
The random assignment of participants.
The cognitive performance of the participants.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the application of industrial-organizational psychology?

A consultant developing a training program to improve employee teamwork and productivity. (correct)
A therapist helping a client overcome anxiety through cognitive-behavioral therapy.
A researcher studying the effects of social media on adolescent self-esteem.
A school psychologist designing interventions for students with learning disabilities.

A psychologist is conducting research to determine if there is a relationship between hours of study and exam scores but does not manipulate any variables. What type of research method are they using?

Correlational study (correct)
Case study
Observational study
Experimental study

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the importance of learning and observable behaviors in understanding human actions?

Behaviorism (D) Signup and view all the answers

A clinical psychologist is evaluating a new patient. Which of the following activities would fall under the scope of assessment in clinical psychology?

Administering a personality test to identify potential disorders. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which early psychological approach focused on understanding the purpose of consciousness and behavior in adapting to the environment?

Functionalism (B) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to study the development of moral reasoning in children from ages 3 to 10. Which core area of psychology is most relevant to this research?

Developmental psychology (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did Wilhelm Wundt contribute to the field of psychology?

By establishing the first psychology laboratory. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Seeing a snake, Latisha simultaneously feels fear and starts to sweat. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory, what is the MOST important factor in determining the specific emotion we experience?

The cognitive label we attach to the arousal. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism is characterized by attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person?

Projection (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do humanistic and psychodynamic theories DIFFER in their primary focus regarding personality development?

Humanistic theories highlight personal growth and self-actualization, whereas psychodynamic theories explore unconscious motives and past experiences. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the Big Five personality traits is MOST closely associated with being organized, responsible, and disciplined?

Conscientiousness (B) Signup and view all the answers

A person who experiences sudden and unexpected panic attacks, accompanied by a persistent worry about having future attacks, is MOST likely to be diagnosed with:

Panic disorder (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of social loafing?

A team of volunteers puts in less effort when collecting donations because they assume others will compensate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the KEY difference between prejudice and discrimination regarding attitudes and behaviors?

Prejudice is a negative attitude, while discrimination is a negative behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST example of cognitive dissonance?

A smoker who knows smoking is unhealthy but continues to smoke. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In attribution theory, what is the difference between a dispositional attribution and a situational attribution?

Dispositional attribution explains behavior based on internal factors, while situational attribution explains behavior based on external factors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the concept of sensory adaptation?

Gradually noticing the background noise of a fan less and less over time. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is conducting a study on the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. To ensure the most valid results, what technique should be used when assigning participants to either the sleep-deprived group or the control group?

Use random assignment to ensure equal distribution of participant characteristics. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the crucial difference between the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

The UCS initially elicits a natural response, while the CS is initially neutral but comes to elicit a response through association. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A student crams for an exam the night before, and while they can recall the information for the test, they struggle to remember it a week later. This illustrates a difference in what aspects of memory?

Short-term memory vs. long-term memory (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates the use of a heuristic rather than an algorithm in problem-solving?

Relying on a 'rule of thumb' to estimate the cost of groceries. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be met FIRST before an individual can focus on safety and security?

Physiological needs (hunger, thirst) (D) Signup and view all the answers

A person experiences sudden, intense fear when encountering a snake. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what is the correct sequence of events?

See snake -> physiological response -> feel fear. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between insomnia and sleep apnea as sleep disorders?

Insomnia involves difficulty falling asleep, while sleep apnea involves temporary cessations of breathing. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST demonstrates the concept of 'change blindness'?

Failing to notice that a close friend has shaved their beard. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher conducts the same memory test multiple times with the same group of participants and obtains similar results each time. What does this indicate about the test?

The test is reliable. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

Learning to ride a bike after watching someone else do it. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates the difference between recall and recognition?

Answering an essay question versus answering a multiple-choice question. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best demonstrates the concept of a prototype?

Thinking of a robin when asked to name a bird. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the drive-reduction theory explain motivation?

We are motivated to reduce internal tension caused by unmet needs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cochlea in the process of hearing?

To detect sound waves. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Biological Psychology

Examines brain, nervous system, and psychological processes.