Introduction to Psychology Course

Questions and Answers

What are the objectives of this session?

To understand the concept of CHECAR

To learn about the psychology of learning and its importance

To gain a general idea of the course, understand course rubrics, and refresh memories on last semester's lectures (correct)

To understand the concept of killing the notion of me and I

What is the topic of this session?

Human Behavior

The Psychology of Teaching

The Psychology of Learning (correct)

Killing the Notion of Me and I

Why are psychologists and scholars interested in how humans learn?

To learn about animal behavior

To influence human behavior

To understand and influence behavior (correct)

To understand human behavior

What is still a challenge in the field of learning?

Establishing a single, universally accepted definition of learning Signup and view all the answers

According to Hall (2003), what is learning?

The process by which an animal (human or non-human) interacts with its environment and becomes changed by this experience so that its subsequent behavior is modified Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended reading for this session?

Course textbook Chapter 6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of this course?

CHECAR Signup and view all the answers

What academic year is this course being offered?

2022/2023 Academic Year Signup and view all the answers

What is the key issue in Classical Conditioning?

Formation of association between/among stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of learning that involves the acquisition of physical skills?

Psychomotor domain Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is eliminated?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the domain of learning that involves the acquisition of attitudes, values, and feelings?

Affective domain Signup and view all the answers

Who accidentally discovered Classical Conditioning?

Pavlov Signup and view all the answers

What is the unconditioned response in Classical Conditioning?

Natural response to the unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

It re-ignites the association between the CS and the UCS after extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of learning where the organism is instrumental in the learning process?

Operant Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the neutral stimulus in Classical Conditioning?

To associate with the unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a practical life situation where classical conditioning is applied?

Advertising Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of learning through Classical Conditioning?

Response to a stimulus in a particular way Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for treating alcohol/drug addiction using classical conditioning?

Aversive Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is involved in scratch and win promotions and lotteries?

Operant Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What are the two Greek words that make up the term psychology?

Psyche and Logos Signup and view all the answers

From which two disciplines did psychology emerge?

Philosophy and Biology Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial definition of psychology?

The study of the mind Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to a person feeling de-valued or demeaned?

Poor physical health Signup and view all the answers

Who can make us feel worthless with their negative comments or actions?

Only a significant other or authority figure Signup and view all the answers

What can reduce a person's sense of worth in a domestic setting?

Domestic violence Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of prejudice?

Racial profiling Signup and view all the answers

What can occur when a person's emotional needs are ignored or not responded to?

Emotional neglect Signup and view all the answers

Who may experience emotional neglect?

Both children and adults Signup and view all the answers

What can influence how a person values themselves relative to others?

Physical health problems Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a person to feel worthless?

Negative stereotyping Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the ways that memory helps individuals?

To build and maintain relationships Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with starting experimental studies of human memory?

Herman Ebbinghaus Signup and view all the answers

What type of combinations did Herman Ebbinghaus use to test his memory?

Nonsense 3-letter combinations Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968?

The Information Processing Model Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting sensory information into a form that can be entered into memory?

Encoding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Information Processing Model of memory?

Encoding, storage, and retrieval of information Signup and view all the answers

Why are psychologists interested in studying human memory?

Because it is essential for remembering the past and planning for the future Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion that Herman Ebbinghaus drew from his experiments?

It is easy to forget things as quickly as they are learned Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Session Objectives

Gain a general idea of what the course is about
Understand course rubrics and expectations of students and lecturers
Refresh memories on last semester's lectures
Briefly describe topics for this semester

Session Readings

Course textbook Chapter 6

The Psychology of Learning

For centuries, psychologists and scholars have been interested in how humans and other organisms learn
This interest ties in with our quest to understand and influence behavior
There continues to be challenges in establishing a single, universally accepted definition of learning
Hall (2003) defines learning as the process by which an animal (human or non-human) interacts with its environment and becomes changed by this experience so that its subsequent behavior is modified
Learning helps us adapt to our environment and improve our wellbeing
Effective social interaction, emotional maturity, etc., are also acquired through one or a combination of the various types of learning

Domains of Learning

Learning can occur in different domains/aspects of the individual's life
Psychomotor domain: acquisition of physical skills like walking, talking, etc.
Cognitive domain: ability to acquire, retain, and organize information to solve problems
Affective domain: acquisition of attitudes, values, feelings, etc.

Types of Learning

Classical Conditioning (CC): type of learning discovered by Pavlov (1927) while studying gastric secretion/digestion in dogs
CC involves the formation of an association between/among stimuli which originally/initially may have nothing in common
Learning occurs through a stimulus-response mechanism when an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a particular way after that stimulus has been paired with another one over a period of time
Extinction: occurs when the CS is continuously presented (after the association) without the UCS, weakening the association between the CS and the UCS
Spontaneous recovery: the re-ignition of the association between the CS and the UCS after extinction

Operant Conditioning

This is a neo-Behaviorist theory of learning in organisms
It argues that the organism/individual is not a passive recipient of stimulus-response processes but rather actively engages with the environment before learning occurs
The individual's behavior is governed by the anticipated consequences rather than automatic response elicited by a stimulus
Raffles and Draws are often based on operant conditioning

Factors Leading to Low Self-Esteem

Poor physical health: illness, injury, deformity, and other physical health problems can make a person feel de-valued or demeaned
Negative comments/actions of other people: other people's treatment of us and feedback concerning e.g. our looks, actions, etc. can make us feel worthless
Domestic violence: violent/aggressive/abusive behavior including emotional abuse at home with a family or co-habitant can significantly reduce a person's sense of worth
Prejudice and negative stereotyping: prejudice refers to prejudgments of persons or situations that are based on their membership of a group and can be harmful
Emotional neglect: it occurs when a person, especially children's emotional needs are ignored or not responded to appropriately

Memory

Importance of memory: memory helps to remember the past, retain new information, solve problems, plan for the future, build and maintain relationships, etc.
Experimental studies of human memory were started by German psychologist Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
He used a set of nonsense syllables (meaningless 3-letter combinations) to test how well he could remember things
He realized it was easy to forget things as quickly as they are learnt
The Information Processing Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) views memory as a systematic movement of information from one storage system to another

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Description

This session introduces students to the college course on psychology, covering course objectives, expectations, and a review of last semester's lectures.