Questions and Answers
What are the objectives of this session?
What is the topic of this session?
Why are psychologists and scholars interested in how humans learn?
What is still a challenge in the field of learning?
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According to Hall (2003), what is learning?
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What is the recommended reading for this session?
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What is the title of this course?
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What academic year is this course being offered?
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What is the key issue in Classical Conditioning?
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What is the name of the type of learning that involves the acquisition of physical skills?
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What is the process by which the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is eliminated?
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What is the domain of learning that involves the acquisition of attitudes, values, and feelings?
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Who accidentally discovered Classical Conditioning?
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What is the unconditioned response in Classical Conditioning?
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What is the effect of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
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What is the name of the type of learning where the organism is instrumental in the learning process?
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What is the purpose of the neutral stimulus in Classical Conditioning?
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What is an example of a practical life situation where classical conditioning is applied?
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What is the outcome of learning through Classical Conditioning?
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What is the term for treating alcohol/drug addiction using classical conditioning?
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What type of learning is involved in scratch and win promotions and lotteries?
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What are the two Greek words that make up the term psychology?
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From which two disciplines did psychology emerge?
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What was the initial definition of psychology?
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What can contribute to a person feeling de-valued or demeaned?
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Who can make us feel worthless with their negative comments or actions?
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What can reduce a person's sense of worth in a domestic setting?
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What is an example of prejudice?
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What can occur when a person's emotional needs are ignored or not responded to?
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Who may experience emotional neglect?
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What can influence how a person values themselves relative to others?
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What can cause a person to feel worthless?
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What is one of the ways that memory helps individuals?
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Who is credited with starting experimental studies of human memory?
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What type of combinations did Herman Ebbinghaus use to test his memory?
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What is the name of the model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968?
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What is the process of converting sensory information into a form that can be entered into memory?
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What is the primary focus of the Information Processing Model of memory?
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Why are psychologists interested in studying human memory?
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What is the primary conclusion that Herman Ebbinghaus drew from his experiments?
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Study Notes
Session Objectives
- Gain a general idea of what the course is about
- Understand course rubrics and expectations of students and lecturers
- Refresh memories on last semester's lectures
- Briefly describe topics for this semester
Session Readings
- Course textbook Chapter 6
The Psychology of Learning
- For centuries, psychologists and scholars have been interested in how humans and other organisms learn
- This interest ties in with our quest to understand and influence behavior
- There continues to be challenges in establishing a single, universally accepted definition of learning
- Hall (2003) defines learning as the process by which an animal (human or non-human) interacts with its environment and becomes changed by this experience so that its subsequent behavior is modified
- Learning helps us adapt to our environment and improve our wellbeing
- Effective social interaction, emotional maturity, etc., are also acquired through one or a combination of the various types of learning
Domains of Learning
- Learning can occur in different domains/aspects of the individual's life
- Psychomotor domain: acquisition of physical skills like walking, talking, etc.
- Cognitive domain: ability to acquire, retain, and organize information to solve problems
- Affective domain: acquisition of attitudes, values, feelings, etc.
Types of Learning
- Classical Conditioning (CC): type of learning discovered by Pavlov (1927) while studying gastric secretion/digestion in dogs
- CC involves the formation of an association between/among stimuli which originally/initially may have nothing in common
- Learning occurs through a stimulus-response mechanism when an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a particular way after that stimulus has been paired with another one over a period of time
- Extinction: occurs when the CS is continuously presented (after the association) without the UCS, weakening the association between the CS and the UCS
- Spontaneous recovery: the re-ignition of the association between the CS and the UCS after extinction
Operant Conditioning
- This is a neo-Behaviorist theory of learning in organisms
- It argues that the organism/individual is not a passive recipient of stimulus-response processes but rather actively engages with the environment before learning occurs
- The individual's behavior is governed by the anticipated consequences rather than automatic response elicited by a stimulus
- Raffles and Draws are often based on operant conditioning
Factors Leading to Low Self-Esteem
- Poor physical health: illness, injury, deformity, and other physical health problems can make a person feel de-valued or demeaned
- Negative comments/actions of other people: other people's treatment of us and feedback concerning e.g. our looks, actions, etc. can make us feel worthless
- Domestic violence: violent/aggressive/abusive behavior including emotional abuse at home with a family or co-habitant can significantly reduce a person's sense of worth
- Prejudice and negative stereotyping: prejudice refers to prejudgments of persons or situations that are based on their membership of a group and can be harmful
- Emotional neglect: it occurs when a person, especially children's emotional needs are ignored or not responded to appropriately
Memory
- Importance of memory: memory helps to remember the past, retain new information, solve problems, plan for the future, build and maintain relationships, etc.
- Experimental studies of human memory were started by German psychologist Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
- He used a set of nonsense syllables (meaningless 3-letter combinations) to test how well he could remember things
- He realized it was easy to forget things as quickly as they are learnt
- The Information Processing Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) views memory as a systematic movement of information from one storage system to another
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Description
This session introduces students to the college course on psychology, covering course objectives, expectations, and a review of last semester's lectures.