Introduction to Programming Languages

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Questions and Answers

Match the programming language with its generation.

Machine Language = First Generation Assembly Language = Second Generation FORTRAN = Third Generation Query Languages = Fourth Generation

Match the language with its description.

FORTRAN = Designed for scientific and mathematical applications. COBOL = Designed for business applications. BASIC = Developed as a simple language for students. C = Provides control and efficiency of assembly language.

Match the programming language with its appropriate use.

JavaScript = Web development and interactive content. SQL = Managing and querying databases. Python = General-purpose programming and data analysis. HTML = Structuring the content of a webpage.

Match the programming language with its type.

<p>Simula = Object-Oriented Prolog = Logic Lisp = Functional C = Traditional</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the markup language with its use case

<p>HTML = Structuring a webpage with tags. XML = Defining other markup languages. LaTex = Text processing PostScript = Text processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its definition.

<p>Compiler = Translates source code to object code. Interpreter = System program used as alternative to compilation Source Code = Programs written in a language closer to English Object Code = Machine language programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following languages with their programming paradigms.

<p>C++ = Object-oriented programming Java = Object-oriented programming C = Procedural programming Prolog = Logic programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Categorize the languages based on whether they are more geared towards web development or system programming.

<p>JavaScript = Web Development PHP = Web Development C++ = System Programming C = System Programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristic to the appropriate generation of programming languages.

<p>Machine Language = Very efficient but hard to write. Assembly Language = Translated into one machine language instruction. Third Generation Language = Translation requires use of a compiler. Fourth Generation Language = A high-level language requiring fewer instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the object-oriented language with its major characteristic.

<p>Simula = The first object-oriented language. Smalltalk = The first purely object-oriented language. Java = Machine, platform, and operating system independent. C++ = C language with additional features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scripting languages with their common applications

<p>JavaScript = Adding interactivity to web pages. PHP = Server-side web development. Python = Scripting and automation tasks. Perl = Text processing and system administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts relating to programming languages.

<p>Algorithm = A set of instructions to solve a problem. Syntax = The set of rules that define the structure of a language. Semantics = The meaning of a program. Variable = Storage location with a name and value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the correct programming language type

<p>Functional language = Everything is a function Logic Language = Based on mathematical logic Imperative language = Sequence of commands to change the program's state Declarative language = Expresses the logic without describing its control flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the language category with one of its purposes.

<p>Command languages = Automating tasks through shell scripts Text processing languages = Manipulating and formatting text Markup languages = Defining the structure and layout of documents Query languages = Retrieving information from databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the definition with its relevant concept.

<p>Operation Code = Tells computer what to do. Operand = Identifies the data to be processed. Machine Dependent = The code is specifically designed for a processor. Very Efficient = Executes quickly or utilizes memory economically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associate the language with its use case.

<p>VBScript = Adding interactive elements to web pages on Internet Explorer. bash = Scripting in Unix like environments. LaTex = Producing scientific documents and typesetting. Postscript = Formatting and printing documents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associate languages with their typical execution style.

<p>Java = Runs with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) C = Compiled into machine code Python = Often run by an interpreter JavaScript = Interpreted by the web browser</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associate the characteristics to a feature of programming languages.

<p>High Level Programming Language = Abstract and easy to model real world problems Low Level Programming Language = More direct control over system hardware. Procedure = A group of instructions that can be reused multiple times in a program. Variable = Name associated with a storage value</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term with its meaning.

<p>Tag = A code inserted into a webpage. Extensible = Allowing the definition of other languages. Graphical User Interface = The process of interacting with the user through visual elements. Applet = A small application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associate the advantage with the language.

<p>Simula = The first object-oriented language. Smalltalk = Has great abstraction with little regard for hardware specifics. Java = Platform independence. C++ = Control over hardware.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associate the following terms with their place in the process.

<p>Assembly Language = More easily to write than machine language. Hardware = Requires machine code to operate. Object-Oriented Language = Allows for quick modeling of real world problems. High Level Language = Quickly translated with a compiler.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the category.

<p>Markup = Formatting. Scripting = Dynamic website changes. Traditional = Procedural based. Object-Oriented = Modeling problems with classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match usage.

<p>C++ = Gaming. HTML = Website base. CSS = Website appearance. AI = Uses Python.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concept.

<p>Function = Output relies on input only. For Loop = Iterates. Compilation = Runs as native code. Interpreted = Needs a middleman.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associate the purpose.

<p>FORTRAN = Scientific. COBOL = Business. C = Low level. Java = Multi OS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Programming Language

A set of rules that tells a computer what operations to perform.

Programming languages

Programming languages are a notational system for describing computation in a machine-readable and human-readable form.

Why so many languages?

Programming languages evolve as better ways are developed to designed them, different types of programs need different programming langauges.

First Generation Languages

Machine language using operation codes and operands; machine dependent and difficult to write.

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Second Generation Languages

Assembly languages use symbolic operation codes and need to be 'assembled'; more efficient and easier than machine language.

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Third Generation Langauges.

Closer to English with simple mathematical notation; uses source code translated into object code by a compiler.

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Fourth Generation Languages (4GL)

More advanced high-level language that requires fewer instructions; often used with databases.

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Fifth Generation Languages

Declarative languages using functional and logic approaches; includes Lisp, Scheme, SML, and Prolog.

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Two broad groups of languages

Traditional languages use sequences of instructions, while object-oriented languages create objects to perform actions.

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FORTRAN

Designed for scientific and math apps; stands for FORmula TRANslation and was developed at IBM in the mid-1950s.

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COBOL

Stands for COmmon Business-Oriented Language; developed in 1959 for business applications.

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BASIC

Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code; developed at Dartmouth College in the mid-1960s for students.

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C language

Developed by Bell Labs in the early 1970s; provides control and efficiency of assembly language with third generation features.

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Simula

First object-oriented language; was developed by Ole Johan Dahl in the 1960s.

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Smalltalk

The first purely object-oriented language; developed by Xerox in the mid-1970s.

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C++

A language with additional features; wildly used for system and application software with visual programming tools.

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JAVA

An object-oriented language similar to C++ that eliminates problematic features and can be made be machine and operating system independent

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Scripting Languages

Languages like JavaScript, VBScript, PHP, ASP, Perl and Python

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Command Languages

Languages like sh, csh, and bash

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Text processing Languages

Languages like LaTeX and PostScript

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HTML

HyperText Markup Language; uses codes called tags in the page to indicate how the page should be formatted.

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XML

Extensible Markup Language used for defining other languages.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Programming Languages

  • Concepts covered are:
    • Definition of a programming language
    • Reasons for the existence of multiple programming languages
    • Types of programming languages
    • The need for new languages

What is a Programming Language?

  • A programming language:
    • Is a set of rules that allows a computer to know what operations to perform.
    • Communicates an algorithm.
    • Provides a linguistic framework for describing computations.
    • Is a notational system for describing computation in machine-readable and human-readable form.
    • Is a tool for creating executable models for problem domains.

Why so Many Languages?

  • Programming languages have evolved as better ways to design them were developed.
  • The first programming languages came about in the 1950s.
  • Since then, thousands of languages have been created.
  • Different programming languages are designed for different programs.

Types of Languages

  • The different types of programming languages are:
    • First generation
    • Second Generation
    • Third Generation
    • Fourth Generation
    • Fifth Generation

First Generation Languages

  • Machine language employs operation codes like addition or subtraction.
  • Machine language uses operands to identify the processed data.
  • It is machine dependent, as it is the only language computers understand.
  • First Generation Languages are efficient, but difficult to master.

Second Generation Languages

  • Assembly languages replaced binary operation codes with symbolic operation codes.
  • They need to be assembled for computer execution because each instruction translates to one machine language instruction.
  • Assembly languages are efficient and easier to write than First Generation Languages.

Third Generation Languages

  • They are closer to English, also include simple mathematical notation.
  • Programs are written in source code.
  • This source code is then translated into machine language programs, also known as object code.
  • The translation from source to object code is done by a compiler, a machine language system program.
  • An alternative to compilation is interpretation, done by an interpreter.
  • Common third generation languages:
    • FORTRAN
    • COBOL
    • C and C++
    • Visual Basic

Fourth Generation Languages

  • It is a high-level language (4GL) that uses fewer instructions to complete a task than third generation languages.
  • They are typically used with databases:
    • Query Languages
    • Report generators
    • Form designers
    • Application Generators

Fifth Generation Languages

  • Fifth Generation Languages:
    • Declarative languages
    • Functional languages-Lisp, Scheme, SML, also known as applicative, and everything is a function -Logic languages-Prolog, based on mathematical logic and are rule or constraint based

Two Broad Groups of Programming Languages

  • Traditional programming languages
    • They have sequences of instructions
    • First, second, and some third generation languages
  • Object-oriented languages
    • Objects are created rather than instructions sequences.
    • Some third, fourth, and fifth generation languages.

Traditional Programming Languages

  • FORTRAN:
    • FORmula TRANslation.
    • Developed at IBM in mid-1950s.
    • Designed for scientific and mathematical applications,
  • COBOL:
    • Common Business Oriented Language.
    • Developed in 1959.
    • Designed to be common to many computers.
    • Mainly used for business applications.
  • BASIC:
    • Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
    • Developed at Dartmouth College in the mid-1960s.
    • Designed as a simple language for students to write programs for interacting with terminals.
  • C:
    • Developed by Bell Laboratories in early 1970s.
    • Provides control and efficiency of assembly language while having third generation language features.
    • Often used for system programs.
    • UNIX is written in C.

Object-Oriented Programming

  • Simula:
    • First object-oriented language.
    • Developed by Ole Johan Dahl in the 1960s.
  • Smalltalk:
    • First purely object-oriented language.
    • Developed by Xerox in mid-1970s.
    • Still in use on some computers.
  • C++:
    • Additional features added to the C language.
    • Commonly used for creating system and application software.
    • With visual tools it is easy to develop graphical user interfaces easily
  • JAVA:
    • It is an object oriented language similar to C++, but eliminates C++’s problematic features.
    • A developer can create programs called applets for applications that can be used via browsers.
    • JAVA developers objective: make it machine, OS and platform independent.

Special Programming Languages

  • Scripting:
    • JavaScript and VBScript
    • Php and ASP
    • Perl and Python
  • Command:
    • sh, csh, bash
  • Text processing:
    • LaTex, PostScript
  • HTML:
    • HyperText Markup Language.
    • Used on the Internet and WWW (World Wide Web).
    • Web page developers use codes called tags to indicate how pages should be formatted
  • XML:
    • Extensible Markup Language.
    • A language for defining other languages.

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