Introduction to Programming Concepts

What is a computer program?

• A computer program is a set of instructions written in a programming language.
• Its purpose is to perform specific tasks when executed by a computer.
• Programs can range from basic calculator programs to complex software applications.
• Programs enable computers to carry out functions and provide users with the ability to interact with computers.

What is Programming?

• Programming is the process of creating computer programs or sets of instructions.
• These instructions tell computers how to perform specific tasks.
• It involves writing code using languages like Java, Python, C++, or JavaScript.
• Programming requires logical thinking, problem-solving skills, and attention to detail.

What is a Programming Language?

• A programming language is a special language used to write instructions for a computer.
• It provides a set of rules and syntax to communicate with a computer and give it commands.
• Different programming languages have different purposes and features.
• Languages can be categorized into:
  • Low-level languages (e.g., assembly language)
  • High-level languages (e.g., C++, Java, Python)

How does a computer program work?

• A program works by executing a sequence of instructions written in a programming language.
• This execution process involves several steps:
  • Writing the Program: The programmer creates the instructions using a programming language.
  • Code Translation: The program code is converted from the programming language into machine-readable language.
  • Execution: The computer processes the machine code instructions in a specific sequence.
  • Input and Output: The program receives data as input and produces output based on the processed instructions.
  • Control Flow: Instructions govern the order in which the computer executes the program.
  • Memory Management: The program manages computer memory to store data and instructions during execution.
  • Termination: The program completes its tasks and ends execution.

Low-Level vs. High-Level Programming Languages

• The main difference lies in their level of abstraction.
• Low-Level Programming Languages:
  • Are closer to machine code and specific to particular architectures.
  • Provide minimal abstraction from the hardware, allowing direct control.
  • Harder to read and write, but offer excellent performance and efficiency.
  • Examples: Assembly Language, Machine Language
• High-Level Programming Languages:
  • Are designed to be closer to human language and less dependent on hardware architectures.
  • Provide a higher level of abstraction with complex syntax, data structures, and libraries.
  • Easier to read, write, and understand, making them user-friendly.
  • Prioritize developer productivity and maintainability.
  • Examples: C++, Java, Python

Low-Level vs. High-Level Programming Languages: Summary

• Low-level languages offer fine-grained control over hardware but have a steeper learning curve.
• High-level languages focus on ease of use and productivity at the expense of some performance control.

What is a Translator?

• A translator is a program that converts source code written in a programming language into a form that the computer understands (machine code).
• Source code is the program written in a programming language (e.g., Java, Python).
• Computers cannot directly understand human-written source code.