Introduction to Programming Basics

Introduction to Programming and Computer Basics

• Computers are electronic devices that perform calculations and process data (pictures, sound, graphics) at high speed, solving complex problems accurately.
• Advantages of computers include speed, storage capacity, accuracy, reliability, automation, and multitasking.
• Disadvantages include a lack of intelligence (cannot think or correct mistakes), dependence on correct data input.

Programming Languages

• Programming languages are categorized into various types (high-level, low-level, middle-level).
• Language translators (compilers and interpreters) convert code into machine-readable instructions.

High-Level Languages

• High-level languages resemble natural language and mathematical notations, simplifying complex task programming.
• Examples include C++, Java.
• Advantages: Easier to learn, faster to write, better documentation, easier maintenance, and portability.
• Disadvantages: Require compilers/interpreters for translation, need to learn language structure, are potentially slower than low-level languages.

C Language

• C is often considered a middle-level language, combining high-level and low-level capabilities.
• It allows direct hardware access while using an English-like syntax.
• It's used for both user applications and operating systems.

Problem Solving and Implementation Phases

• Programming tasks involve two phases: problem-solving and implementation.

Algorithms and Pseudocode

• Algorithms are step-by-step instructions to solve a problem.
• Pseudocode is an informal, English-like language used to develop algorithms.
• Example pseudocode: Input two numbers, calculate their sum. Corresponding algorithm steps: Start, Input X, Y, Sum <- X + Y, End.
• Example for calculating a student’s grade (average of 4 marks): Input 4 marks, calculate average; if average <50 print "FAIL", else print "PASS"

Flowcharts

• Flowcharts are graphical representations of step-by-step problem solutions.