Introduction to Political Theories

Study Notes

Students learn the types of questions posed in political theory.
Students learn the types of methods used in political theory.
Students learn about the major schools of thought in political theory.
Students learn the characteristics of high-quality academic work in political theory.

Legitimate authority: Those in power claim the right to rule and expect citizens to obey.
- However, individuals must be able to balance obeying authority with ensuring their freedom.
- For example, Socrates' paradox in the Crito exemplifies this tension.
Example: Legitimate authority
- What makes authority legitimate (e.g., democracy)?
- What does legitimacy entail (e.g., deference)?
- Can lessons be learned from classic texts like Plato's Crito, Hobbes' Leviathan?
- What current issues exist (e.g., dissent, populism)?
Is there a legitimate authority?: Some anarchists argue against the concept of legitimate authority.
- Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) is an example of an anarchist thinker.

Discovery of the truth: Aims to discover truths about human nature and society (e.g., that humans are autonomous).
Invention through contrivance: Develops concepts or structures to address political issues often via philosophical arguments (e.g., Social Contract).
Interpretation: Examines the meaning of the world (e.g., liberal politics can be seen as justified now).

Critical Theory: Focuses on emancipation from societal problems.
- Methodology involves critiquing existing ideas that hinder emancipation.
- The problem of domination - how ideas and power structures contribute to domination, needs analysis.
- Karl Marx (1818-1883) is an example.
Normative Theory: Tries to understand morality and what moral demands society should consider.
- Methodology involves an open approach to falsification, examining the consequences of viewpoints, and considering fundamental philosophical issues.
- Judith Shklar (1928-1992) could be considered an example.

Expression: Clear, precise, and persuasive writing.
Argument/Analysis: True premises are used to support sound conclusions.
Engagement with Published Work: Critique (exegesis), and detailed analysis of existing academic work.
Structure: Purpose, linkage of ideas, and well-justified conclusions are conveyed.
Example aspects of an argument:
- Autonomy: The ability to self-govern.
- Authority: The right to command and a duty to obey.
- Conflict: Incompatibilities between autonomy and authority, and the need to oppose authority.