Introduction to Political Science Overview

Political Science: The systematic study of political institutions, processes, behavior, and power dynamics.
Subfields:
- Comparative Politics: Analysis of different political systems.
- International Relations: Study of foreign affairs and global issues.
- Political Theory: Examination of political ideas and philosophies.
- Public Administration: Focus on government policy implementation and public sector management.
- Public Policy: Analysis of policy-making processes and outcomes.

Power: Ability to influence or control behavior and outcomes.
Authority: Recognized and legitimate power.
Sovereignty: Supreme power or authority of a state.
Legitimacy: Acceptance of an authority, often a governing law or regime.
Governance: The processes and systems through which organizations and governments operate.

Democracy: Government by the people, typically through elected representatives.
- Types: Direct, representative, participatory.
Authoritarianism: Concentration of power in a single authority or party, limited political freedoms.
Totalitarianism: Extreme form of authoritarianism; seeks to control all aspects of public and private life.
Federalism: Division of power between central and regional authorities.

Liberalism: Emphasis on individual rights, freedom, and equality.
Conservatism: Focus on tradition, social stability, and maintaining established institutions.
Socialism: Advocacy for social ownership and democratic control of the means of production.
Nationalism: Prioritization of the interests of a particular nation, often leading to a desire for self-governance.

Voting: Key mechanism for citizen participation in democracy.
Political Parties: Organizations that seek to gain power and influence policy.
Interest Groups: Organizations that advocate for specific causes or interests.
Public Opinion: The collective attitudes and beliefs of individuals on political issues.

Qualitative: In-depth analysis of political phenomena (e.g., interviews, case studies).
Quantitative: Statistical analysis of political data (e.g., surveys, polls).
Comparative Methods: Comparing different political systems or phenomena to identify patterns and differences.

Machiavelli: Views on power and statecraft; often associated with realpolitik.
Hobbes: Social contract theory; the necessity of a strong central authority.
Locke: Emphasis on natural rights and the role of government in protecting these rights.
Marx: Analysis of class struggle and critique of capitalism.

Globalization: Impact on state sovereignty and international relations.
Climate Change: Political responses and policies regarding environmental sustainability.
Social Movements: Grassroots organizing for political and social change (e.g., civil rights, climate action).
Populism: Political approach that seeks to represent the interests of ordinary people against the elite.

Legislature: Body responsible for making laws (e.g., Congress, Parliament).
Executive: Government branch that implements and enforces laws (e.g., President, Prime Minister).
Judiciary: Legal system that interprets laws and administers justice.

United Nations: International organization aimed at promoting peace, security, and cooperation among countries.
NATO: Military alliance for collective defense among member states.
World Trade Organization: Oversees international trade agreements and disputes.

Political Science studies political institutions, processes, behavior, and power dynamics systematically.
Subfields include:
- Comparative Politics: Examines various political systems and their differences.
- International Relations: Analyzes foreign affairs and global issues.
- Political Theory: Explores political ideas and philosophical foundations.
- Public Administration: Focuses on implementing government policies and managing the public sector.
- Public Policy: Investigates the processes and outcomes of policy-making.

Power refers to the capacity to influence or control behavior and outcomes.
Authority is recognized power deemed legitimate by society.
Sovereignty denotes the ultimate power or authority held by a state.
Legitimacy relates to the acceptance of an authority, often behind governing laws or regimes.
Governance embodies the systems and processes that facilitate the functionality of organizations and governments.

Democracy is governed by the populace, typically through elected representatives.
- Types include Direct, Representative, and Participatory democracies.
Authoritarianism centralizes power in a single authority, restricting political freedoms.
Totalitarianism is an extreme form of authoritarianism, controlling all areas of public and private life.
Federalism involves a sharing of power between national and regional authorities.

Liberalism emphasizes individual rights, freedoms, and equality before the law.
Conservatism values tradition, social stability, and the preservation of established institutions.
Socialism advocates for social ownership and democratic control of production means.
Nationalism stresses prioritizing a specific nation's interests, often linked to self-governance.

Voting is a critical method for citizen engagement in democratic processes.
Political Parties aim to gain power and shape public policy.
Interest Groups promote specific causes or advocate for particular interests.
Public Opinion reflects the collective beliefs and attitudes of the citizenry regarding political matters.

Qualitative methods involve in-depth analyses, such as interviews and case studies.
Quantitative methods utilize statistical techniques to evaluate political data through surveys and polls.
Comparative Methods entail analyzing different political systems to reveal patterns and distinctions.

Machiavelli is associated with pragmatic views on power dynamics and realpolitik.
Hobbes introduced the social contract theory, emphasizing a strong governing authority's necessity.
Locke championed natural rights, arguing for governance that safeguards these rights.
Marx critiqued capitalism and emphasized the concept of class struggle in society.

Globalization affects state sovereignty and alters international relations.
Climate Change generates political responses centered on sustainability.
Social Movements involve grassroots efforts aimed at political and social reform, such as civil rights and climate action.
Populism focuses on representing ordinary people’s interests in relation to elites.

Legislature: Responsible for enacting laws (e.g., Congress or Parliament).
Executive: Enforces and administers laws through the government (e.g., President or Prime Minister).
Judiciary: Interprets laws and ensures justice within the legal framework.

United Nations fosters international cooperation, peace, and security among nations.
NATO serves as a military alliance for mutual defense among its member states.
World Trade Organization manages international trade agreements and resolves disputes between countries.