Comparative Politics exam
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Questions and Answers

Which approach emphasizes ethical, prescriptive, or normative questions in political philosophy?

  • The philosophical tradition (correct)
  • Behaviorism
  • Rational-choice theory
  • The empirical tradition

What method does behaviorism primarily utilize in the study of political actions?

  • Qualitative subjective analysis
  • Historical interpretation
  • Quantified objective results (correct)
  • Individualistic perspectives

Which of the following statements best describes rational-choice theory?

  • It emphasizes ethical considerations in policy-making.
  • It focuses on the influence of informal institutions.
  • It is based on procedural rules and rational self-interest. (correct)
  • It provides a prescriptive framework for constitutional design.

What concept is described as having more influence than formal democratic structures in certain states?

<p>Informal institutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is noted for describing constitutions, marking a shift towards empirical analysis?

<p>Montesquieu (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes political science from political art according to the lecture?

<p>Political science requires democratic conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the discussion about public affairs emphasize?

<p>Any non-private matter is considered political. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of 'polity'?

<p>A collection of political institutions such as legislation and government. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about politics in the context of compromise and consensus?

<p>Politics prioritizes negotiation and resolution of conflict. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the distribution of power, how is power defined?

<p>As the capacity to influence others' actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory in political analysis aim to provide?

<p>Empirical data supported by systematic explanations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a restrictive view of politics?

<p>Viewing all public affairs as political actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does not align with the concept of political art discussed in the lecture?

<p>Art prioritizes empirical evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the relationship between the state and civil society?

<p>There exists a clear division between them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by describing politics as 'ideology-driven'?

<p>Political actors are influenced by their beliefs and values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the rise of populism in relation to conflict and consensus?

<p>It fosters direct confrontation over issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context provided, which of these is defined as public affairs?

<p>Anything that happens outside of personal life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms the basis of legitimacy in political authority?

<p>Charisma, tradition, and rationality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT included in the definition of policy as per the content?

<p>Personal family decisions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect best describes the term 'Polity' in political analysis?

<p>A set of political institutions and structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes 'Politics' from 'Polity'?

<p>Politics is about actors and their engagements, while Polity refers to institutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Political Science is described as?

<p>An empirical study that can be scientifically proven. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In defining a state, what is an underlying principle concerning the legitimate use of power?

<p>Power can include controversial practices such as torture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a well-functioning state according to the delineation provided?

<p>Strict separation of church and state affairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the differentiation between public and private life?

<p>Historic public issues have shifted to become private concerns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main alternative to achieving goals in politics as outlined in the content?

<p>Compromise and negotiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition accurately describes power in the political context?

<p>The ability to influence the actions of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary components that influence legitimacy according to the content?

<p>Charisma and tradition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of traditional power as described in the content?

<p>Gained through democratic elections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes critical approaches in political theory from other theories mentioned?

<p>Examination of informal institutions and power dynamics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts aligns with the belief that states can appear democratic on paper but may operate differently in practice?

<p>New constitutionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major political ideology is noted for advocating the rise of populism favoring conflict over compromise?

<p>Populism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do advocates of comprehensive power views, like feminists and Marxists, perceive politics?

<p>As an extensive influence in all human social activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system of governance is characterized by participation being limited to wealthy male citizens?

<p>Athenian Democracy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the inclusivity of Roman democracy compared to Classical democracy?

<p>More inclusive with assemblies for poorer classes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major historical events significantly contributed to the development of modern democracy as indicated in the content?

<p>The American and French Revolutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What core philosophical shift characterized modern democracy during the Enlightenment?

<p>Focus on rationality, human rights, and public inclusiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did economic changes assist in the establishment of modern democracy?

<p>By significantly reducing the workload of the general populace (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of medieval democracy as described in the lecture?

<p>Debate among a small population within city democracies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the amalgamation of concepts in modern democracy imply?

<p>The presence of diverse and sometimes conflicting theories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes direct democracy from representative democracy?

<p>Direct democracy enables self-rule with no mediation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mandate theory differ from accountability theory?

<p>Accountability theory involves holding representatives accountable for their actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes participatory democracy?

<p>Encourages broad public engagement and deliberation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of democracy do people express their opinions via plebiscites?

<p>Direct democracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model grants significant mediation between the electorate and the government?

<p>Representative democracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'substantive representation' prioritize in representative systems?

<p>Aligning representatives' actions with the electorate's values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of democratic budgeting?

<p>It is decided by public voting and idea submissions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism can be made about the oligarchic structure mentioned in relation to Hungary?

<p>It indicates an absence of meaningful citizen engagement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of egalitarian democracy as described in the content?

<p>To solve inequalities created by the social system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In meritocratic democracy, what is emphasized as crucial for achieving a fair democratic system?

<p>The performance of individuals in their respective roles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the relationship between economic democracy and the welfare of the people?

<p>Improving economic circumstances contributes positively to democracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of systems described as meritocratic democracies?

<p>They emphasize the selection of the most capable individuals for leadership positions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical view does economic democracy take regarding dictatorial systems?

<p>Economic well-being can justify authoritarian governance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of equality is primarily addressed by egalitarian democracy?

<p>Political equality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental principle of meritocracy in democratic systems?

<p>Performance should dictate the suitability for leadership roles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the content describe the interplay between economic conditions and democratic systems?

<p>Enhanced economic conditions lead to stronger democratic outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Different approaches to politics

Various ways of studying politics, including philosophical (Plato, Aristotle), empirical (Aristotle, Montesquieu), behavioral, and rational-choice approaches.

Philosophical approach to politics

Focuses on ethical and prescriptive questions in politics, making judgments and offering recommendations.

Empirical approach to politics

Aims to objectively describe political reality based on experiences and observations.

Behavioral approach to politics

Studies political behavior (voting, legislators) using research methods to produce objective, measurable results.

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Rational-choice theory approach to politics

Analyzes politics based on the assumption individuals act with rational self-interest and follows procedural rules.

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Politics as an Art

Politics is the art of governing, not a scientific discipline.

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Politics and Democracy

The study of politics is greatly influenced by whether a society is a democracy.

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Public Affairs

Public affairs encompasses all aspects of non-private life, considered political.

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Compromise and Consensus

In politics, resolving conflicts through negotiation and compromise is preferable to force.

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Power Distribution

Power is the ability to influence others. Resources and power are distributed through various systems.

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Sovereign Legitimacy

Legitimacy of a political figure's governing power comes from sources like election, charisma or tradition.

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Political Science Limitations

Political science, when not applicable to a democracy, struggles to be truly objective and scientific.

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Public vs. Private

Politics distinguishes between public affairs and private matters, protecting personal domains.

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Political Science

The study of political actions and their efficiency.

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Politics (in the broader sense)

Actions, conflicts, or agreements among political actors, driven by ideology.

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Polity

A collection of political institutions, such as government and legislation.

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Policy

Political actions concerning public affairs, such as education and healthcare.

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Political Demand

What people want from the political system.

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Art of Government

Politics as a practical skill, rather than a science.

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Political Analysis Tools

Methods for understanding political systems using concepts, models, and theories.

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What is a polity?

A set of political institutions that govern a society, including things like the legislature, government, and head of state.

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What are politics?

The actions and interactions of political actors, often involving conflicts and agreements, driven by ideologies.

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What is policy?

A set of guidelines or plans that address public issues, often related to areas like education, health, or social welfare.

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What is the defining characteristic of a state?

The legitimate use of force or power.

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What does sovereignty mean?

The supreme authority and independence of a state to govern itself within its own territory.

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Politics as conflict resolution

Politics is a way to achieve goals by resolving conflicts through compromise and negotiation rather than force. This approach emphasizes a belief in the efficacy of debate and discussion.

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Populism vs. Compromise

The rise of populism in recent years often favors conflict over compromise and consensus. This shift can lead to a breakdown in political civility and a preference for forceful approaches.

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What is Power?

Power is the ability to influence the actions of others. This influence can be exerted through various means, such as authority, resources, or persuasion.

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Sovereignty and Legitimacy

Sovereignty refers to the supreme power of a state. Legitimacy is the acceptance of that power by the people. Sources of legitimacy include charisma, tradition, and rationality.

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Rational Legitimacy: Elections

Rational legitimacy is based on elections where citizens choose their leaders. This process involves nominations, candidacy based on criteria, constituencies, and principles of equality and proportionality in voting.

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Traditional Legitimacy

Traditional legitimacy is based on inheritance and tradition. Historically, monarchs ruled based on birthright. In modern democracies, monarchs may have symbolic roles but limited political power.

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Charisma and the Cult of Personality

Charisma refers to a leader's ability to inspire and attract followers. A cult of personality is a strong personal following built on charisma, often used to concentrate power.

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Power To/Power Over

Power to refers to the capacity to act and achieve goals, while power over involves the ability to control and influence others. These concepts highlight the potential for power to be liberating or oppressive.

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What is Classical Democracy?

A system of government where citizens directly participate in decision-making, typically through assemblies and debates.

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Athenian Democracy: Who Participated?

Only wealthy male citizens could participate in Athenian democracy.

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Roman Democracy: More Inclusionary

Roman democracy included more people, with a senate for the wealthy and assemblies for the less wealthy.

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Medieval Democracy: City-States

Medieval city-states emphasized public debate and trade, providing a foundation for democracy.

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Enlightenment & Modern Democracy

The Enlightenment emphasized rationality, human rights, and inclusivity, paving the way for modern democracy.

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Modern Democracy: Key Factors

Technological advancements, education, and economic changes made large-scale democracy feasible.

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Modern Democracy: Concept & Theories

Modern democracy combines various theories, some conflicting, with strong moral implications.

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Direct Democracy

A system where citizens directly make decisions, without representatives. It's common in smaller settings where everyone can participate.

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Representative Democracy

A system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. This is the most common form of democracy.

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What is Substentive Representation?

Focuses on the representative acting in alignment with the values, goals, and priorities of the people they represent.

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What is Descriptive Representation?

This focuses on the representative sharing similar characteristics with the people they represent, such as age, gender, background, etc.

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Mandate Theory

This theory states that elected representatives are bound to act in accordance with the specific instructions given to them by the voters.

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Accountability Theory

This theory focuses on holding representatives responsible for their actions, even without specific instructions from voters. It emphasizes the importance of citizens' oversight.

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Participatory Democracy

This emphasizes broad citizen engagement in public affairs beyond just voting. It encourages active participation in shaping policies and decisions.

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What is Democratic Convention?

A gathering where people come together to discuss important issues and make decisions in a participatory manner.

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What is Democratic Budgeting?

A process where citizens have a direct say in allocating public funds through voting and submitting proposals.

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Egalitarian Democracy

A system that aims to reduce inequalities by creating a more equal playing field for everyone, ensuring equal opportunities and access to resources.

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Meritocratic Democracy

A system where individuals are rewarded based on their merit, skills, and accomplishments, regardless of their background.

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Economic Democracy

A system that aims to create a thriving economy that benefits all citizens, ensuring a fair distribution of wealth and resources.

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How does Egalitarian Democracy reduce inequalities?

By promoting social mobility, providing equal access to education and healthcare, and implementing policies that redistribute wealth and resources.

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What is the goal of Meritocratic Democracy?

To create a system where the most capable individuals occupy positions of power and influence, based on their merits and achievements.

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How does Economic Democracy strive for a better society?

By ensuring a strong economy that provides opportunities for all, protects workers' rights, and helps create a more prosperous and equitable society.

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What is the key difference between Egalitarian and Meritocratic Democracy?

Egalitarian Democracy focuses on equal opportunities, while Meritocratic Democracy emphasizes rewarding individual achievements.

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Why might someone argue that Economic Democracy is necessary?

Because it strives to ensure that everyone benefits from a strong economy, reducing poverty and inequality and creating a more just society.

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How do these democracy types relate to each other?

They offer different perspectives on achieving a fair and just society. Egalitarian aims for equality, Meritocratic values achievement, and Economic focuses on prosperity.

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Related Documents

Lecture 1: Basic Concepts PDF
Lecture 3: Theories of Democracy PDF

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