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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of homeostasis in the body?
What is the primary role of homeostasis in the body?
What percentage of total body water (TBW) does body fat typically account for in adult females?
What percentage of total body water (TBW) does body fat typically account for in adult females?
Which fluid compartment constitutes 2/3 of the total body water (TBW)?
Which fluid compartment constitutes 2/3 of the total body water (TBW)?
Which of the following statements about extracellular fluid (E.C.F.) is correct?
Which of the following statements about extracellular fluid (E.C.F.) is correct?
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Which of the following is NOT a significance of body fluids?
Which of the following is NOT a significance of body fluids?
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What is the primary focus of physiology?
What is the primary focus of physiology?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell membrane?
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What type of transport does not require energy?
What type of transport does not require energy?
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Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion of a substance?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion of a substance?
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What is the characteristic of a semipermeable membrane?
What is the characteristic of a semipermeable membrane?
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What happens during osmosis?
What happens during osmosis?
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Which component primarily makes up the cell membrane?
Which component primarily makes up the cell membrane?
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Which of the following substances is primarily transported through simple diffusion?
Which of the following substances is primarily transported through simple diffusion?
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What is facilitated diffusion?
What is facilitated diffusion?
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Which type of transport requires energy directly from ATP?
Which type of transport requires energy directly from ATP?
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In secondary active transport, energy is provided by which source?
In secondary active transport, energy is provided by which source?
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What type of carrier transports two substances in the same direction?
What type of carrier transports two substances in the same direction?
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What characterizes bulk transport?
What characterizes bulk transport?
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Which statement about endocytosis is correct?
Which statement about endocytosis is correct?
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Which of the following describes antiport carriers?
Which of the following describes antiport carriers?
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Which process describes exocytosis?
Which process describes exocytosis?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Physiology
- Physiology is the study of the functions of living things, focusing specifically on how the human body works.
Levels of Organization of the Human Body
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The human body is organized in a hierarchy from cells to tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally, the organism.
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Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body. They are microscopic in size and vary in shape and form.
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Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
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Organs are structures composed of different tissues working together for a specific function.
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Systems are groups of organs that work together to perform a larger function.
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Organisms are complete living beings, formed from the organization of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
The Cell
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Cells are the smallest functional units of the body, composed of different structures.
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The cell membrane is a thin, flexible, and elastic structure. It separates the cell's contents from the surrounding environment, which is mostly extracellular fluid.
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The membrane is semi-permeable, controlling what substances enter and exit the cell.
Structure of the Cell
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The cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm form the cell.
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Detailed structures within cell, like mitochondria, lysosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum are also present.
The Cell Membrane
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Composed of three types of substances: proteins (55%), lipids (42% - phospholipids and cholesterol), and carbohydrates (3%).
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Has a phospholipid bilayer as its basic structure.
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Contains various proteins like channel proteins, carrier proteins, pumps, and receptors embedded in the bilayer, involved in cell function and transport.
Membrane Protein
- Membrane proteins are crucial for cell processes.
- Proteins are categorized into channels, carriers, pumps, receptors, and enzymes.
- Channel proteins allow the movement of small molecules across the membrane.
- Carrier proteins bind and transport specific molecules.
- Pumps move molecules against their concentration gradient, consuming energy.
- Receptors bind with signaling molecules to initiate cellular responses.
- Enzymes catalyze specific chemical reactions within or at the cell surface.
Membrane Transport
- Membrane transport is critical for the movement of substances across the cell membrane.
- Divided into passive (no energy required) and active (energy required) transport.
1- Passive Transport
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Simple diffusion: Movement of substances from high to low concentration. No energy or carrier needed. Examples include oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Osmosis: Simple diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration.
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Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of substances through carrier proteins down a concentration gradient. This is used for large molecules that can't readily cross the membrane on their own, like glucose.
The Rate of Diffusion
- Rate of diffusion is affected by concentration gradient, surface area, temperature, solubility, molecular weight, and membrane thickness.
2- Active Transport
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Movement of substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
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Primary active transport uses ATP directly to move substances. Examples include the sodium-potassium pump.
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Secondary active transport uses the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport to move other substances. Absorption of glucose with sodium in the intestine is an example of secondary active transport.
3- Bulk Transport
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Movement of large molecules or groups of molecules into or out of a cell using endocytosis or exocytosis.
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Endocytosis: Uptake of materials from outside the cell into a vesicle.
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Exocytosis: Release of materials from inside the cell to the outside through a vesicle.
Homeostasis
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Is the maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment of the body, critical for normal cell function.
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Different body systems work together to maintain homeostasis for factors like body temperature, water levels, and blood sugar.
Body Compartments
- The body is composed of proteins, fats, minerals, and water.
- Total Body Water (TBW): Approximately 60% of body weight in adult males, lower in women and obese individuals.
- Body Water is divided into intracellular fluid (inside cells) and extracellular fluid (outside cells).
- Extracellular fluid is further divided into intravascular fluid (in blood vessels) and interstitial fluid (surrounding cells).
Significance of Body Fluids
- Body fluids are crucial for various functions, including transport, reactions, and temperature regulation. .
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of physiology, focusing on the organization of the human body from cells to organisms. This quiz covers the basic structures and functions vital to understanding how living systems operate.
