Introduction to Physiology

The principle that the structure of a biological component determines its function. This means that the way something is built dictates how it works.

Living organisms require energy to perform life processes. This energy is derived from various sources, like food, and is used for growth, movement, and other vital functions.

Communication within a living organism is essential for coordinating activities. This involves the transfer of signals through the nervous and endocrine systems, allowing for efficient communication between cells and organs.

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. This includes regulating temperature, pH, and blood sugar.

The organization of life from the simplest level of atoms and molecules to the most complex level of an organism. This includes cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the entire organism.

Cells group together to form larger, organized structures with specific functions.

Specialized structures that connect cells, providing support, communication, or sealing.

The non-cellular material surrounding cells in a tissue, providing structure and support.

A type of tissue that covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.

A diverse group of tissues that provides support, connects structures, and transports substances.

Epithelia are layers of cells that form a barrier between the inside and outside of the body.

Epithelia control what enters and leaves the body. They act like a gatekeeper for materials.

A basal lamina is a specialized layer that serves as the foundation for epithelial cells.

There are five main types of epithelia, each with unique structures and functions.

Epithelial cells are closely connected to each other, forming a tightly packed layer for protection and regulation.

Specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit information throughout the body using electrical and chemical signals.

Cells that support and protect neurons, providing structural support and nutrient supply.

The network of neurons and glial cells that make up the nervous system.

The material that fills the spaces between cells in tissues, providing structural support and facilitating communication.

Neural tissue has very little ECM, allowing for efficient signaling between neurons.

The nervous system sends messages through a combination of electrical and chemical signals.

The endocrine system sends chemical signals to regulate the body's functions.

The nervous system regulates the body's rapid responses, such as muscle movements.

The endocrine system controls slower processes, such as growth and development.

Both systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment, called homeostasis.

Direct cell-to-cell communication in which signals pass through specialized protein channels called connexons, allowing for rapid communication between adjacent cells.

These protein channels connect adjacent cells, creating a pathway for signals to pass through.

Gap junctions are not always open. They have the ability to open and close, regulating the flow of signals between cells.

Gap junctions are found in various types of cells, playing important roles in tissue function. This type of communication is essential for a range of bodily processes.

Gap junctions are vital for coordinated functions, allowing rapid communication between cells, particularly in tissues requiring synchronized activity like heart muscle and smooth muscle.