Questions and Answers
Define homeostasis.
Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.
Describe a homeostatic process in the human body.
Body temperature regulation is a homeostatic process, controlled by the hypothalamus, which adjusts mechanisms like sweating and shivering based on temperature changes.
How does dysfunction in a single organ can lead to dysfunction of another organ?
Dysfunction in one organ, such as the heart, can affect blood flow and nutrient delivery to other organs, leading to a cascade of failures.
The skin helps regulate body temperature through _______.
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Which of the following is a function of the renal system?
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Negative feedback loops in physiological systems tend to slow down a process.
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What happens in a positive feedback mechanism?
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Heat stroke occurs when the body is unable to get rid of excess _______.
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What is the role of the cardiovascular system in homeostasis?
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What physiological change happens to blood vessels in an effort to decrease heat?
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What would you predict his blood pressure was when EMTs arrived?
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What did they do about his blood pressure?
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Would they give him fluids?
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Would they give him O2?
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What would you guess his vital signs were: respiratory rate?
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What would you guess his vital signs were: shallow or deep?
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What would you guess his vital signs were: BP?
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What would you guess his vital signs were: heart rate?
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What would you guess his vital signs were: cardiac output?
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What would you guess his vital signs were: temp—skin? core?
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What would have caused this person to have a seizure?
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How would you counsel this patient/future patients to avoid this situation in the future?
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Controlled hypothermia is clinically induced __________ performed to reduce the metabolic rate.
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What is the clinical term for an abnormally low body temperature?
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What temperature range is used during controlled hypothermia?
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What is maintained at a temperature below 15°C (60°F) during controlled hypothermia?
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What is the purpose of inducing coma in the emergency department after cardiac arrest?
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For how long is the patient's body temperature maintained at approximately 91 degrees after cardiac arrest?
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Match the following Latin terms with their meanings.
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What would you predict his blood pressure was when EMTs arrived?
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What did the EMTs do about the patient's blood pressure?
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Would the EMTs give him fluids?
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Would they give him O2?
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What would you guess his vital signs were: respiratory rate?
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Was his respiratory rate shallow or deep?
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What would you guess his blood pressure was?
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What would you guess his heart rate was?
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What would you guess his cardiac output was?
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What would you guess his temperature was—skin or core?
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What would have caused this person to have a seizure?
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How would you counsel this patient/future patients to avoid this situation in the future?
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Controlled hypothermia is clinically induced hypothermia performed to reduce the __________ of an organ or of a person’s entire body.
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The body is cooled to ________°C when undergoing controlled hypothermia.
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When controlled hypothermia is used clinically, the patient is given medication to prevent __________.
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What temperature is the heart maintained at for the duration of surgery in controlled hypothermia?
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How long is the patient typically kept at lowered body temperature in the emergency department?
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What is the primary purpose of controlled hypothermia during open-heart surgery?
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Match the following Latin terms with their meanings:
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What is homeostasis?
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Describe a homeostatic process in the human body.
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What could cause dysfunction in a single organ to lead to dysfunction of another organ?
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The normal body temperature in humans hovers around _____ °C.
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Which systems are involved in maintaining homeostasis?
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Most biological feedback systems are positive feedback systems.
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What is a common example of a positive feedback loop?
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What happens when the feedback loop for temperature regulation is unsuccessful?
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What is the role of the renal system in homeostasis?
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Without oxygen and nutrients, _____ cells can begin to die.
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What would you predict his blood pressure was when EMTs arrived?
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What did the EMTs do about the blood pressure?
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The EMTs would give him fluids.
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The EMTs would give him oxygen.
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What would you guess his vital signs were: respiratory rate, BP, heart rate, and temperature?
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What would have caused this person to have a seizure?
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How would you counsel this patient or future patients to avoid this situation in the future?
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What is controlled hypothermia?
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What temperature range is typically maintained during controlled hypothermia?
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Why is controlled hypothermia used during open-heart surgery?
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What condition is induced to slow the patient's metabolic rate during controlled hypothermia?
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Controlled hypothermia can be used in the emergency department.
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What is the temperature the heart is cooled to during surgery?
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Define homeostasis.
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Describe a homeostatic process in the human body and give specific examples of how all the organs work together.
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How can dysfunction in a single organ lead to dysfunction of another organ?
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Which statement is true regarding feedback mechanisms in the body?
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The majority of biological feedback systems are __ feedback systems.
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What is an example of a negative feedback system in the human body?
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What is the role of the renal system in homeostasis?
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What happens when a feedback loop is unsuccessful?
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What are the consequences of prolonged exposure to heat without proper body fluid?
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How does the cardiovascular system respond to heat exposure?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Physiology: Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the self-regulating process maintaining stability while adjusting to optimal survival conditions.
- Failure of homeostasis can lead to organ dysfunction and systemic failure.
Learning Objectives
- Define homeostasis and its significance in physiology.
- Illustrate a homeostatic process that showcases interdependence of organs.
- Explain how dysfunction in one organ affects others.
- Outline the sequence of events leading to loss of homeostasis, particularly in heat stroke.
Physiological Functions
-
Feedback Loops:
- Feedback mechanisms are essential for maintaining homeostasis, involving inputs and outputs that regulate body functions.
- Negative feedback decreases the output to stabilize systems, examples include temperature control and blood pressure regulation.
- Positive feedback amplifies responses, often seen during childbirth.
-
Flow Down Gradients:
- Flow is driven by gradients: concentration, electrical, pressure, and temperature differences.
- Resistance impacts flow; greater resistance leads to lower flow, often modulated by physiological processes.
Overview of Homeostasis
- Connectedness of body systems is integral to maintaining overall health; all organs interact to sustain homeostasis.
- Normal body temperature averages 37°C (98.6°F) and is regulated by the hypothalamus, which coordinates responses to temperature changes (e.g., sweating, shivering).
Heat-Related Illnesses
- Heat Stroke: The most severe heat-related condition resulting from inability to dissipate heat, leading to CNS dysfunction, coma, and potential death.
- Heat-related illnesses range from mild heat rash to severe heat stroke.
Organ System Interactions
- Skin: Protects, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information; crucial for sweat production in heat regulation.
- Cardiovascular System: Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and metabolic waste; essential for pressure maintenance.
- Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange; vital for oxygenating blood and eliminating carbon dioxide.
- Renal System: Maintains fluid balance and blood pressure; produces urine and erythropoietin.
- Spleen: Filters blood and supports immune function; involved in removal of old blood cells and storage of cellular components.
- Gastrointestinal Tract: Digests food and regulates nutrient absorption; compromised during heat stress leads to hypoxia in intestinal tissues.
Case Study: Heat Stroke
- Scenario: A 38-year-old male experiences severe symptoms post-hike in extreme heat.
- Symptoms included dizziness, seizures, and eventual coma, indicating severe dysfunction of multiple organ systems due to heat stroke.
- Skin Response: The skin stops sweating when fluids deplete, leading to overheating.
- Cardiovascular Impact: Vasodilation at the skin reduces overall blood volume, impairing nutrient delivery and lowering blood pressure, straining the heart.
- Respiratory System: Decreased blood supply to lung structures causes respiratory alkalosis and cellular death from hypoxia.
- Renal Function: Kidney dysfunction due to dehydration may lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure.
- Spleen Function: Impaired filtration can lead to jaundice from elevated bilirubin due to unfiltered red blood cells.
Clinical Concepts: Controlled Hypothermia
- Controlled hypothermia is induced to lower organ metabolic rates during critical medical procedures (e.g., open-heart surgery).
- Cooling body temperature to 25–32°C (79–89°F) protects organs from damage by reducing oxygen demands, particularly during periods of reduced blood supply.### Physiology and Homeostasis
- Patient's organs can function with reduced blood supply, leading to decreased heart workload.
Latin Terminology in Physiology
- A significant portion of medical terminology derives from Latin; understanding these roots aids in learning new concepts.
Common Latin Word Parts and Their Meanings
- a-, an, non: Without, not (e.g., Apnea - not breathing)
- Ab-, ef-: Away (e.g., Abductor muscle - pulls away from midline)
- Ad-, af-: Toward (e.g., Afferent neuron - carries information toward the brain)
- -alg: Pain (e.g., Neuralgia - nerve pain)
- Ang(i)-, vaso: Vessel (e.g., Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels)
- Ante-, pre-, pro-: Before (e.g., Prenatal - before birth)
- Anti-, contra-: Against, resisting (e.g., Antibody - resists foreign bodies)
- Arthr(o), artic-: Joint (e.g., Arthritis - joint inflammation)
- -ase: Enzyme (e.g., Maltase - enzyme that breaks down maltose)
- Aut(o)-: Self (e.g., Autoimmunity - self-immunity)
- Bi-, di-, diplo-: Two (e.g., Bicuspid valve - heart valve with two leaflets)
- Brady-: Slow (e.g., Bradycardia - slow heart rate)
- Cephal-, -ceps: Head (e.g., Hydrocephalus - water in the brain)
- -cide: Kill (e.g., Spermicide - substance that kills sperm)
- Circ-, peri-: Around (e.g., Circumcision - cutting around)
- -clast: Break, destroy (e.g., Osteoclast - cells that dissolve bone)
- -crine: Secrete, release (e.g., Endocrine gland - glands that secrete hormones)
- Cyan-: Blue (e.g., Cyanosis - bluish tint of skin)
- Dia-, per-, trans-: Through, separate, across (e.g., Diarrhea - flow through intestines)
- Dys-, mal-: Bad, painful, difficult (e.g., Dyspnea - difficulty breathing)
- Ectop-: Displaced (e.g., Ectopic pregnancy)
- -emia: Blood (e.g., Hyperglycemia - high blood sugar)
- En-, endo-, intra-: Inside, within (e.g., Endosteum - lining inside bone)
- Epi-: Upon, over, above (e.g., Epidermis - outer layer of skin)
- Equi-, homo-, iso-: Same, equal, balanced (e.g., Homeostasis - equilibrium of body systems)
- Ex-, ecto-: Outside (e.g., Extracellular fluid - fluid outside the cell)
- -gram: Something written (e.g., Electrocardiogram - printout of heart activity)
- -graph: Writing apparatus (e.g., Electrocardiograph - machine creating ECGs)
- Hem-: Blood (e.g., Hemothorax - blood in chest cavity)
- Hemi-, semi-: Half (e.g., Cerebral hemisphere - half of the brain)
- Hist-: Tissue (e.g., Histology - study of tissues)
- Hypo-, infra-, infer-, sub-: Under, below, less (e.g., Hypotonic - lower solute concentration)
- -itis: Inflammation (e.g., Appendicitis - inflammation of the appendix)
- Inter-: Between (e.g., Interstitial fluid - fluid between cells)
- Lys, lyze: Break apart, dissolve (e.g., Hydrolysis - breaking down)
- Med-, meso-, meta-: Middle (e.g., Mediastinum - middle space of chest)
- Micro-, -ole, -ule: Small (e.g., Microscope - apparatus for viewing small objects)
- Mono-, Uni-: One (e.g., Monozygotic - identical twins)
- Morph, -plasty: Shape (e.g., Morphology - study of shape)
- Mort, necro-: Death (e.g., Post mortem - after death)
- Neo-: New (e.g., Neonatal - newborn)
- Olig-: Little, few (e.g., Oliguria - very little urine produced)
- Ost-: Bone (e.g., Osteoblast - cell that forms new bone)
- -ostomy: Make an opening (e.g., Tracheostomy - opening in the trachea)
- Para: Beside (e.g., Parathyroid glands - beside thyroid gland)
- Path: Disease (e.g., Pathogenic bacteria - disease-causing bacteria)
- Phago: Eat, feed (e.g., Phagocyte - cell that eats)
- -phasia: Speech (e.g., Dysphagia - difficulty speaking)
- Phobia, phobe: Fear (e.g., Hydrophobia - fear of water)
- -plasia: Growth, formation (e.g., Hyperplasia - excessive growth)
- Post: After (e.g., Post natal - after birth)
- Pseudo: False (e.g., Pseudounipolar neuron - neuron with false appearance)
- Super, supra: Above, over (e.g., Superior vena cava - vein bringing blood from above heart)
- Tachy: Fast (e.g., Tachycardia - fast heart rate)
Introduction to Physiology: Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the self-regulating process maintaining stability while adjusting to optimal survival conditions.
- Failure of homeostasis can lead to organ dysfunction and systemic failure.
Learning Objectives
- Define homeostasis and its significance in physiology.
- Illustrate a homeostatic process that showcases interdependence of organs.
- Explain how dysfunction in one organ affects others.
- Outline the sequence of events leading to loss of homeostasis, particularly in heat stroke.
Physiological Functions
-
Feedback Loops:
- Feedback mechanisms are essential for maintaining homeostasis, involving inputs and outputs that regulate body functions.
- Negative feedback decreases the output to stabilize systems, examples include temperature control and blood pressure regulation.
- Positive feedback amplifies responses, often seen during childbirth.
-
Flow Down Gradients:
- Flow is driven by gradients: concentration, electrical, pressure, and temperature differences.
- Resistance impacts flow; greater resistance leads to lower flow, often modulated by physiological processes.
Overview of Homeostasis
- Connectedness of body systems is integral to maintaining overall health; all organs interact to sustain homeostasis.
- Normal body temperature averages 37°C (98.6°F) and is regulated by the hypothalamus, which coordinates responses to temperature changes (e.g., sweating, shivering).
Heat-Related Illnesses
- Heat Stroke: The most severe heat-related condition resulting from inability to dissipate heat, leading to CNS dysfunction, coma, and potential death.
- Heat-related illnesses range from mild heat rash to severe heat stroke.
Organ System Interactions
- Skin: Protects, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information; crucial for sweat production in heat regulation.
- Cardiovascular System: Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and metabolic waste; essential for pressure maintenance.
- Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange; vital for oxygenating blood and eliminating carbon dioxide.
- Renal System: Maintains fluid balance and blood pressure; produces urine and erythropoietin.
- Spleen: Filters blood and supports immune function; involved in removal of old blood cells and storage of cellular components.
- Gastrointestinal Tract: Digests food and regulates nutrient absorption; compromised during heat stress leads to hypoxia in intestinal tissues.
Case Study: Heat Stroke
- Scenario: A 38-year-old male experiences severe symptoms post-hike in extreme heat.
- Symptoms included dizziness, seizures, and eventual coma, indicating severe dysfunction of multiple organ systems due to heat stroke.
- Skin Response: The skin stops sweating when fluids deplete, leading to overheating.
- Cardiovascular Impact: Vasodilation at the skin reduces overall blood volume, impairing nutrient delivery and lowering blood pressure, straining the heart.
- Respiratory System: Decreased blood supply to lung structures causes respiratory alkalosis and cellular death from hypoxia.
- Renal Function: Kidney dysfunction due to dehydration may lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure.
- Spleen Function: Impaired filtration can lead to jaundice from elevated bilirubin due to unfiltered red blood cells.
Clinical Concepts: Controlled Hypothermia
- Controlled hypothermia is induced to lower organ metabolic rates during critical medical procedures (e.g., open-heart surgery).
- Cooling body temperature to 25–32°C (79–89°F) protects organs from damage by reducing oxygen demands, particularly during periods of reduced blood supply.### Physiology and Homeostasis
- Patient's organs can function with reduced blood supply, leading to decreased heart workload.
Latin Terminology in Physiology
- A significant portion of medical terminology derives from Latin; understanding these roots aids in learning new concepts.
Common Latin Word Parts and Their Meanings
- a-, an, non: Without, not (e.g., Apnea - not breathing)
- Ab-, ef-: Away (e.g., Abductor muscle - pulls away from midline)
- Ad-, af-: Toward (e.g., Afferent neuron - carries information toward the brain)
- -alg: Pain (e.g., Neuralgia - nerve pain)
- Ang(i)-, vaso: Vessel (e.g., Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels)
- Ante-, pre-, pro-: Before (e.g., Prenatal - before birth)
- Anti-, contra-: Against, resisting (e.g., Antibody - resists foreign bodies)
- Arthr(o), artic-: Joint (e.g., Arthritis - joint inflammation)
- -ase: Enzyme (e.g., Maltase - enzyme that breaks down maltose)
- Aut(o)-: Self (e.g., Autoimmunity - self-immunity)
- Bi-, di-, diplo-: Two (e.g., Bicuspid valve - heart valve with two leaflets)
- Brady-: Slow (e.g., Bradycardia - slow heart rate)
- Cephal-, -ceps: Head (e.g., Hydrocephalus - water in the brain)
- -cide: Kill (e.g., Spermicide - substance that kills sperm)
- Circ-, peri-: Around (e.g., Circumcision - cutting around)
- -clast: Break, destroy (e.g., Osteoclast - cells that dissolve bone)
- -crine: Secrete, release (e.g., Endocrine gland - glands that secrete hormones)
- Cyan-: Blue (e.g., Cyanosis - bluish tint of skin)
- Dia-, per-, trans-: Through, separate, across (e.g., Diarrhea - flow through intestines)
- Dys-, mal-: Bad, painful, difficult (e.g., Dyspnea - difficulty breathing)
- Ectop-: Displaced (e.g., Ectopic pregnancy)
- -emia: Blood (e.g., Hyperglycemia - high blood sugar)
- En-, endo-, intra-: Inside, within (e.g., Endosteum - lining inside bone)
- Epi-: Upon, over, above (e.g., Epidermis - outer layer of skin)
- Equi-, homo-, iso-: Same, equal, balanced (e.g., Homeostasis - equilibrium of body systems)
- Ex-, ecto-: Outside (e.g., Extracellular fluid - fluid outside the cell)
- -gram: Something written (e.g., Electrocardiogram - printout of heart activity)
- -graph: Writing apparatus (e.g., Electrocardiograph - machine creating ECGs)
- Hem-: Blood (e.g., Hemothorax - blood in chest cavity)
- Hemi-, semi-: Half (e.g., Cerebral hemisphere - half of the brain)
- Hist-: Tissue (e.g., Histology - study of tissues)
- Hypo-, infra-, infer-, sub-: Under, below, less (e.g., Hypotonic - lower solute concentration)
- -itis: Inflammation (e.g., Appendicitis - inflammation of the appendix)
- Inter-: Between (e.g., Interstitial fluid - fluid between cells)
- Lys, lyze: Break apart, dissolve (e.g., Hydrolysis - breaking down)
- Med-, meso-, meta-: Middle (e.g., Mediastinum - middle space of chest)
- Micro-, -ole, -ule: Small (e.g., Microscope - apparatus for viewing small objects)
- Mono-, Uni-: One (e.g., Monozygotic - identical twins)
- Morph, -plasty: Shape (e.g., Morphology - study of shape)
- Mort, necro-: Death (e.g., Post mortem - after death)
- Neo-: New (e.g., Neonatal - newborn)
- Olig-: Little, few (e.g., Oliguria - very little urine produced)
- Ost-: Bone (e.g., Osteoblast - cell that forms new bone)
- -ostomy: Make an opening (e.g., Tracheostomy - opening in the trachea)
- Para: Beside (e.g., Parathyroid glands - beside thyroid gland)
- Path: Disease (e.g., Pathogenic bacteria - disease-causing bacteria)
- Phago: Eat, feed (e.g., Phagocyte - cell that eats)
- -phasia: Speech (e.g., Dysphagia - difficulty speaking)
- Phobia, phobe: Fear (e.g., Hydrophobia - fear of water)
- -plasia: Growth, formation (e.g., Hyperplasia - excessive growth)
- Post: After (e.g., Post natal - after birth)
- Pseudo: False (e.g., Pseudounipolar neuron - neuron with false appearance)
- Super, supra: Above, over (e.g., Superior vena cava - vein bringing blood from above heart)
- Tachy: Fast (e.g., Tachycardia - fast heart rate)
Introduction to Physiology: Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the self-regulating process maintaining stability while adjusting to optimal survival conditions.
- Failure of homeostasis can lead to organ dysfunction and systemic failure.
Learning Objectives
- Define homeostasis and its significance in physiology.
- Illustrate a homeostatic process that showcases interdependence of organs.
- Explain how dysfunction in one organ affects others.
- Outline the sequence of events leading to loss of homeostasis, particularly in heat stroke.
Physiological Functions
-
Feedback Loops:
- Feedback mechanisms are essential for maintaining homeostasis, involving inputs and outputs that regulate body functions.
- Negative feedback decreases the output to stabilize systems, examples include temperature control and blood pressure regulation.
- Positive feedback amplifies responses, often seen during childbirth.
-
Flow Down Gradients:
- Flow is driven by gradients: concentration, electrical, pressure, and temperature differences.
- Resistance impacts flow; greater resistance leads to lower flow, often modulated by physiological processes.
Overview of Homeostasis
- Connectedness of body systems is integral to maintaining overall health; all organs interact to sustain homeostasis.
- Normal body temperature averages 37°C (98.6°F) and is regulated by the hypothalamus, which coordinates responses to temperature changes (e.g., sweating, shivering).
Heat-Related Illnesses
- Heat Stroke: The most severe heat-related condition resulting from inability to dissipate heat, leading to CNS dysfunction, coma, and potential death.
- Heat-related illnesses range from mild heat rash to severe heat stroke.
Organ System Interactions
- Skin: Protects, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information; crucial for sweat production in heat regulation.
- Cardiovascular System: Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and metabolic waste; essential for pressure maintenance.
- Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange; vital for oxygenating blood and eliminating carbon dioxide.
- Renal System: Maintains fluid balance and blood pressure; produces urine and erythropoietin.
- Spleen: Filters blood and supports immune function; involved in removal of old blood cells and storage of cellular components.
- Gastrointestinal Tract: Digests food and regulates nutrient absorption; compromised during heat stress leads to hypoxia in intestinal tissues.
Case Study: Heat Stroke
- Scenario: A 38-year-old male experiences severe symptoms post-hike in extreme heat.
- Symptoms included dizziness, seizures, and eventual coma, indicating severe dysfunction of multiple organ systems due to heat stroke.
- Skin Response: The skin stops sweating when fluids deplete, leading to overheating.
- Cardiovascular Impact: Vasodilation at the skin reduces overall blood volume, impairing nutrient delivery and lowering blood pressure, straining the heart.
- Respiratory System: Decreased blood supply to lung structures causes respiratory alkalosis and cellular death from hypoxia.
- Renal Function: Kidney dysfunction due to dehydration may lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure.
- Spleen Function: Impaired filtration can lead to jaundice from elevated bilirubin due to unfiltered red blood cells.
Clinical Concepts: Controlled Hypothermia
- Controlled hypothermia is induced to lower organ metabolic rates during critical medical procedures (e.g., open-heart surgery).
- Cooling body temperature to 25–32°C (79–89°F) protects organs from damage by reducing oxygen demands, particularly during periods of reduced blood supply.### Physiology and Homeostasis
- Patient's organs can function with reduced blood supply, leading to decreased heart workload.
Latin Terminology in Physiology
- A significant portion of medical terminology derives from Latin; understanding these roots aids in learning new concepts.
Common Latin Word Parts and Their Meanings
- a-, an, non: Without, not (e.g., Apnea - not breathing)
- Ab-, ef-: Away (e.g., Abductor muscle - pulls away from midline)
- Ad-, af-: Toward (e.g., Afferent neuron - carries information toward the brain)
- -alg: Pain (e.g., Neuralgia - nerve pain)
- Ang(i)-, vaso: Vessel (e.g., Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels)
- Ante-, pre-, pro-: Before (e.g., Prenatal - before birth)
- Anti-, contra-: Against, resisting (e.g., Antibody - resists foreign bodies)
- Arthr(o), artic-: Joint (e.g., Arthritis - joint inflammation)
- -ase: Enzyme (e.g., Maltase - enzyme that breaks down maltose)
- Aut(o)-: Self (e.g., Autoimmunity - self-immunity)
- Bi-, di-, diplo-: Two (e.g., Bicuspid valve - heart valve with two leaflets)
- Brady-: Slow (e.g., Bradycardia - slow heart rate)
- Cephal-, -ceps: Head (e.g., Hydrocephalus - water in the brain)
- -cide: Kill (e.g., Spermicide - substance that kills sperm)
- Circ-, peri-: Around (e.g., Circumcision - cutting around)
- -clast: Break, destroy (e.g., Osteoclast - cells that dissolve bone)
- -crine: Secrete, release (e.g., Endocrine gland - glands that secrete hormones)
- Cyan-: Blue (e.g., Cyanosis - bluish tint of skin)
- Dia-, per-, trans-: Through, separate, across (e.g., Diarrhea - flow through intestines)
- Dys-, mal-: Bad, painful, difficult (e.g., Dyspnea - difficulty breathing)
- Ectop-: Displaced (e.g., Ectopic pregnancy)
- -emia: Blood (e.g., Hyperglycemia - high blood sugar)
- En-, endo-, intra-: Inside, within (e.g., Endosteum - lining inside bone)
- Epi-: Upon, over, above (e.g., Epidermis - outer layer of skin)
- Equi-, homo-, iso-: Same, equal, balanced (e.g., Homeostasis - equilibrium of body systems)
- Ex-, ecto-: Outside (e.g., Extracellular fluid - fluid outside the cell)
- -gram: Something written (e.g., Electrocardiogram - printout of heart activity)
- -graph: Writing apparatus (e.g., Electrocardiograph - machine creating ECGs)
- Hem-: Blood (e.g., Hemothorax - blood in chest cavity)
- Hemi-, semi-: Half (e.g., Cerebral hemisphere - half of the brain)
- Hist-: Tissue (e.g., Histology - study of tissues)
- Hypo-, infra-, infer-, sub-: Under, below, less (e.g., Hypotonic - lower solute concentration)
- -itis: Inflammation (e.g., Appendicitis - inflammation of the appendix)
- Inter-: Between (e.g., Interstitial fluid - fluid between cells)
- Lys, lyze: Break apart, dissolve (e.g., Hydrolysis - breaking down)
- Med-, meso-, meta-: Middle (e.g., Mediastinum - middle space of chest)
- Micro-, -ole, -ule: Small (e.g., Microscope - apparatus for viewing small objects)
- Mono-, Uni-: One (e.g., Monozygotic - identical twins)
- Morph, -plasty: Shape (e.g., Morphology - study of shape)
- Mort, necro-: Death (e.g., Post mortem - after death)
- Neo-: New (e.g., Neonatal - newborn)
- Olig-: Little, few (e.g., Oliguria - very little urine produced)
- Ost-: Bone (e.g., Osteoblast - cell that forms new bone)
- -ostomy: Make an opening (e.g., Tracheostomy - opening in the trachea)
- Para: Beside (e.g., Parathyroid glands - beside thyroid gland)
- Path: Disease (e.g., Pathogenic bacteria - disease-causing bacteria)
- Phago: Eat, feed (e.g., Phagocyte - cell that eats)
- -phasia: Speech (e.g., Dysphagia - difficulty speaking)
- Phobia, phobe: Fear (e.g., Hydrophobia - fear of water)
- -plasia: Growth, formation (e.g., Hyperplasia - excessive growth)
- Post: After (e.g., Post natal - after birth)
- Pseudo: False (e.g., Pseudounipolar neuron - neuron with false appearance)
- Super, supra: Above, over (e.g., Superior vena cava - vein bringing blood from above heart)
- Tachy: Fast (e.g., Tachycardia - fast heart rate)
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of physiology with a focus on homeostasis. It examines how various physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. Designed for students in the Foundations block, this quiz will test your understanding of these key principles.
