Introduction to Physiology

Overview of Physiology

• Physiology combines physics and biology to study the functions of living organisms.
• It focuses on the normal functions of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
• Key aim: Understand mechanisms of living beings from cellular level to whole body integration.

Importance of Physiology

• Provides insights into healthy body function and responses to environmental challenges.
• Essential for diagnosing diseases and developing treatment protocols.
• Distinguishes itself from other life sciences through integration of various functional levels.

Role of Physiologists

• Physiologists work in education, research, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals.
• Specializations include protein behavior, tissue interactions, and system integrations.
• Engage with elite athletes to enhance performance and study adaptation to extreme conditions.
• Collaborate in public health, legal matters, and education to inspire future scientists.

Homeostasis

• Defined as the maintenance of a stable internal environment for optimal cellular function.
• Involves contributions from all body structures to keep internal conditions within a normal range.
• Disruptions in homeostasis can lead to disease symptoms and clinical signs.

Historical Development of Physiology

• Origins in ancient cultures, with significant advancements since Hippocrates’ era (circa 420 BC).
• Hippocrates introduced the theory of four bodily humors affecting health.
• Galen (c.130-200 AD) emphasized experimentation and is considered a pioneer in experimental physiology.

Notable Contributions

• Jean Fernel introduced the term "physiology."
• William Harvey described systemic circulation in 1628, marking a pivotal advancement.
• Key figures include:
  • Joseph Lister (1858): Antiseptics and wound healing.
  • Ivan Pavlov (1891): Conditioned responses in physiology.
  • August Krogh (1910): Regulation of blood flow in capillaries.
  • Andrew and Hugh Huxley (1952-1954): Ionic mechanisms of nerve impulses and muscle functionality.

Structural Hierarchy of Organisms

• Organization from atoms (e.g., oxygen, carbon) to macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides).
• Cells are the basic unit, organized into tissues, organs, and systems.
• Levels of organization: Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems.

Organ Systems Overview

• Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Reproductive System
• Musculoskeletal System
• Nervous System
• Endocrine System
• Immune System

Explore the fascinating field of physiology, which merges physics and biology to understand the functions of living organisms. This quiz covers the importance of physiology in health, disease, and various professional roles, including applications in sports and public health.