PHYSPHAR_MODULE1_Introduction to Physical Pharmacy
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What is the standard temperature for measuring specific gravity in the US Pharmacopeia?

  • 25 °C (correct)
  • 37 °C
  • 15.56 °C
  • 0 °C

    • Which statement best describes specific gravity?

  • It has units equal to that of density.
  • It is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a standard. (correct)
  • It is a mass-to-volume ratio dependent only on temperature.
  • It measures the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid.

    • How is the specific gravity of an unknown liquid calculated using a pycnometer?

  • By dividing the weight of the liquid by the weight of an equal volume of water. (correct)
  • By evaluating temperature differences between the liquid and water.
  • By subtracting the weight of the empty pycnometer from the weight of the liquid.
  • Using the formula: specific gravity = weight of substance/weight of equal volume of the unknown liquid.

    • According to Archimedes' principle, what does the upward buoyant force on a body immersed in a fluid equal?

    <p>The weight of the fluid displaced by the fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In calculating specific gravity, why is it important to account for differences in temperature for different substances?

    <p>Because thermal expansion causes substances to change density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of density in the context of pharmaceuticals?

    <p>The measure of mass per unit of volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about drug stability is true?

    <p>It refers to a drug's ability to maintain its properties over time and different conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly influences the bioavailability of a drug?

    <p>The drug's solubility and dissolution rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT classified as a drug delivery system?

    <p>Pharmacodynamic delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are gases typically characterized in terms of density compared to solids?

    <p>Gases generally have lower densities than solids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dissolution refer to in the context of drug delivery?

    <p>The process of a solid drug dissolving in a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes bioavailability?

    <p>The extent and rate at which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct relationship among mass, volume, and density?

    <p>Density is the mass divided by the volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the weights of components in an admixture solution?

    <p>The specific gravity, volume, and percentage concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding molarity?

    <p>Molarity expresses concentration in moles per specific volume of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of bioavailability factors in pharmaceutical sciences?

    <p>The rate at which an active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug stability, which factor is least likely to affect a drug's shelf life?

    <p>The shape of the drug capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concentration expression involves weight of solute relative to the volume of solution?

    <p>% weight in volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily calculated using molecular weight from grams?

    <p>Moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is molality defined in terms of concentration?

    <p>Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In drug delivery systems, which aspect does not typically influence absorption?

    <p>Time of day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula expresses the % volume in volume concentration?

    <p>Volume of solute in milliliters / Total volume of solution in milliliters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you calculate the specific gravity of a solid that is heavier than and insoluble in water?

    <p>Divide the weight of the solid in air by the weight of water it displaces when immersed in it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific gravity of a substance that weighs 50 g in air and displaces 20 g of water?

    <p>2.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a solid weighs 15 g in air and 10 g when submerged in a liquid with a specific gravity of 0.9, what is the specific gravity of the solid?

    <p>1.88</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the specific gravity of a substance when given its weight in air and its weight in liquid?

    <p>sp.gr. = (weight in air - weight in liquid) / weight of the liquid displaced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific gravity of a crystal that weighs 6.423 g in air and 2.873 g in an oil with a specific gravity of 0.858?

    <p>1.55</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would specific gravity be particularly important in a pharmaceutical context?

    <p>When calculating the equivalent strength of a preparation based on weight or volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does specific gravity help in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) admixtures?

    <p>It allows pharmacists to determine the weights of components like dextrose, amino acids, and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the specific gravity of a substance if it is placed in a liquid that has a higher specific gravity than itself?

    <p>The substance will float and appear to weigh less.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a piece of glass weighs 38.525 g in air and 23.525 g in water, what is the weight of the water displaced?

    <p>15.000 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is heavier than water and soluble in it?

    <p>Salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molarity is a concentration expression based solely on the mass of solute in a specific volume of solution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normality is one of the concentration expressions used only for acids and bases in pharmaceutical applications.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for % weight in volume concentration considers both the weight of solute and the total volume of the solution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volume of solution is irrelevant when calculating concentration units.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular weight is used to convert grams into moles for concentration calculations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Density is defined as the measure of volume per unit of mass.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug stability refers to a drug's ability to maintain its properties over time and under varying conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All liquids and solids have the same density at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of a drug is the amount of drug that can dissolve in a given solvent at a specified temperature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transdermal systems are types of drug delivery systems that do not optimize drug administration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical pharmacy studies how drugs interact with their environment, influencing their efficacy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher temperatures generally lead to lower solubility for most solid drugs in solvents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solids generally have higher densities compared to gases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of a substance's density to the density of a standard substance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The standard temperature for measuring specific gravity in the US Pharmacopeia is 20 °C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a pycnometer, the specific gravity of a liquid can be calculated by dividing the weight of the liquid by the weight of an equal volume of water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archimedes' principle states that the weight of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that it displaces.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific gravity of a liquid is expressed in units, making it easier to compare with other substances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A heavier liquid will always sink below a lighter liquid when layered in a test tube.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Different substances expand or contract at the same rate with temperature changes, making specific gravity calculations less important.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To determine the specific gravity of a plummet, its weight in air must be compared to its weight in the water it displaces.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mineral oil has a higher specific gravity than water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is unnecessary to use a pycnometer for calculating the specific gravity of liquids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific gravity of a solid that is heavier than and soluble in water can be found by dividing the weight of the solid in air by the weight of water it displaces.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To calculate the specific gravity of a substance, both its weight in air and weight in a liquid must be measured.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific gravity is less important in pharmaceutical applications compared to other scientific fields.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a glass plummet weighs 12.64 g in air and 9.12 g in oil, the weight of the displaced oil can be directly used to calculate its specific gravity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The apparent loss of weight of a solid in liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific gravity of oil is high if it is less dense than water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A specific gravity less than 1 indicates that an object will sink in a fluid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In calculating specific gravity, a pharmacist can use any liquid of known specific gravity when the solid is insoluble in water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific gravity of glass, calculated from its weight in air and water, is higher than 2.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the weight of a solid in water is greater than the weight in air, the specific gravity would be less than 1.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Physical Pharmacy

    • Physical Pharmacy studies the physical and chemical properties of drugs and drug delivery systems.
    • Focuses on drug interactions with the environment, impacting efficacy, safety, and stability.
    • Aims to develop drug delivery systems for optimized patient outcomes.

    Key Areas of Focus

    • Drug Solubility and Dissolution:
      • Solubility indicates the quantity of drug that dissolves in a solvent at a specific temperature.
      • Dissolution is the process where a solid drug dissolves in a solvent, crucial for bioavailability.
    • Drug Stability:
      • Refers to a drug's ability to retain its properties over time and varying conditions.

    Drug Delivery Systems

    • Classified into:
      • Oral
      • Transdermal
      • Inhalation
      • Parenteral

    Density and Specific Gravity

    • Density:
      • Defined as mass per unit of volume; varies with pressure and temperature.
      • Example: 100 g of water occupies 100 mL at 20°C, demonstrating a 1:1 relationship.
    • Specific Gravity:
      • Ratio of density of a substance to the density of a standard (typically water).
      • Expressed as weight of the substance divided by the weight of an equal volume of water; no unit, numerically equivalent to density.

    Concentration Expressions

    • Concentration measures the amount of solute in a solution, essential in pharmaceutical applications.
    • Common concentration units include:
      • Molarity: Moles of solute per liter of solution.
      • Molality: Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
      • Normality: Equivalents of solute per liter of solution.
      • Percent weight/volume: Grams of solute per 100 mL of solution.

    Calculating Moles

    • Moles can be calculated using the equation: Moles = grams / molecular weight.

    Pharmaceutical Applications of Specific Gravity

    • Used for converting weight to volume in formulations.
    • Important for calculating strengths of ingredients based on weight or volume.
    • Essential in preparing parenteral nutrition admixtures.

    Methods of Determining Specific Gravity

    • Using a Pycnometer:
      • Measure the weight of the pycnometer filled with water and an unknown liquid; calculate specific gravity accordingly.
    • Displacement Method:
      • Based on Archimedes' principle, which states that the buoyant force equals the weight of the displaced fluid.
      • Specific gravity determined by measuring weights in air, water, and the solution of interest.

    Example Calculations

    • For a plummet weighing 12.64 g in air, 8.57 g in water, and 9.12 g in oil, specific gravity of oil calculated from the weights of displaced fluid.
    • A solid weighing 38.525 g in air and 23.525 g in water yields a specific gravity of 2.568 by measuring the weight of displaced water.
    • For a chemical salt weighing 6.423 g in air and 2.873 g in oil, knowing the oil's specific gravity allows calculation of the salt's specific gravity as 1.55.

    Important Notes

    • Accurate measurement of specific gravities must account for temperature variations, as substances expand or contract differently.
    • Standard temperature for specific gravity in pharmaceuticals is typically at 25°C, with exceptions for alcohol at 15.56°C.

    Introduction to Physical Pharmacy

    • Physical pharmacy studies the physical and chemical properties of drugs and their delivery systems.
    • It examines drug interactions with their environment, including effects on efficacy, safety, and stability.
    • Key focus areas include drug solubility, dissolution, and stability.

    Drug Solubility and Dissolution

    • Solubility: amount of drug dissolving in a solvent at a specific temperature.
    • Dissolution: the process of a solid drug dissolving in a solvent.
    • Both are critical factors influencing bioavailability.

    Drug Stability

    • Stability refers to a drug's ability to maintain physical, chemical, and biological properties over time and under various conditions.

    Drug Delivery Systems

    • Delivery systems optimize the administration of drugs and improve patient outcomes.
    • Types include oral, transdermal, inhalation, and parenteral systems.

    Density and Specific Gravity

    • Density: mass per unit volume; varies with pressure and temperature.
    • Example: Water's density is 1 g/mL at 20°C, but this varies by substance.
    • Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to that of a reference (usually water).

    Measuring Specific Gravity

    • Specific gravity does not have units and is numerically equal to density.
    • Calculated using the formula: Specific gravity = weight of substance / weight of equal volume of water.
    • Common standard temperature for specific gravity is 25°C, except for alcohol at 15.56°C.

    Archimedes' Principle

    • The principle states that the upward buoyant force on an immersed body equals the weight of the fluid displaced.
    • This is fundamental in fluid mechanics for determining specific gravity and densities.

    Practical Applications of Specific Gravity

    • Used in calculating weights of pharmaceutical ingredients based on volume.
    • Essential in preparing total parenteral nutrition (TPN) admixtures utilizing specific gravity for component weights.

    Concentration Expressions

    • Concentrations in pharmaceutical sciences refer to solutions with solute and solvent.
    • Different expressions are utilized based on application needs, including molarity, molality, and normality.

    Molarity and Other Concentration Units

    • Molarity: moles of solute per liter of solution.
    • Other expression formulas include % weight/volume, % volume/volume, and % weight/weight.
    • Different concentration expressions serve various pharmaceutical calculations and applications.

    Preparation for Assessment

    • Understanding these concepts is vital for success in modular quizzes in physical pharmacy.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of Physical Pharmacy in this module. Learn about the physical and chemical properties of drugs, their interactions with the environment, and how these factors impact drug efficacy and safety. A crucial study for anyone interested in pharmaceutical sciences.

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